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550 CAHAGNET CAHORS For a considerable period they were doomed to wear emblems of their degradation, and in the churches of Luz and of Lannemezan the separate places of worship formerly assigned to them are still visible. They were not al- lowed to enter the priesthood, and although efforts for their relief were made in the 18th century, political and social rights were not granted to them till 1793. In the valley of Luchon and in other places where they exist in considerable numbers, they are still considered a distinct class; but at the present day they are generally extinct as a separate race through intermixture with the mass of the population. Their distinguishing deformity consisted in round ears without lobes, and many of them were afflicted with the goitre. They were re- markable for their loquacity, and experience has shown that they are susceptible of consid- erable improvement. See Histoire des races maudites de la France et de VEspagne, by Francisque Xavier Michel (2 vols., Paris, 1847). CAHAGNET, Louis AN pbonse, a French spirit- ualist, born in Gaen in 1809. He worked at va- rious trades previous to experimenting in mag- netism and spiritualism. His principal works are : Arcane* de la vie future devoilee (3 vols., 1854- '60) ; Encyclopedic ma- gnetique spiritualists (7 vols., 1854-'61); and Force et matiere (1866), refuting the theories of Bttchner. CAHAWBA, a river of Alabama, rises in Jeffer- son co., flows S. W. and S., and, after passing through a rich coal re- gion, joins the Alabama at Cahawba, in Dallas co., 8 m. S. W. of Selma. It is navigable by small boats for 100 m. CAIIKX, Samuel, a French Hebraist of Jewish parentage, born at Metz, Aug. 4, 1796, died Jan. 8, 1862. He early spent some years in Mentz, where he was to pursue a course of rabbinical studies, but chiefly devoted his at- tention to modern languages and literature. He was afterward a private teacher in Ger- many, and in 1822 went to Paris, where he was director of the Jewish consistorial school for several years. He founded (1840) and ed- ited the Archives Israelites, a monthly periodi- cal, and lectured and wrote on the Hebrew language and history. His principal work was a translation of the Old Testament into French, with the Hebrew on opposite pages and critical notes and dissertations by himself and others, which he completed in 1851 (18 vols. 8vo, Paris). CAHINCA, a drug derived from one or more species of chiococcvs, a genus of the order ruliacem. Cahinca or cainca is the Indian name of the plant, which is known to the Portuguese of Brazil as raw preta. It is said to be diuretic, emetic, and purgative, and is considerably used by the natives of Brazil. It is but little employed, however, in general practice. Like a large number of other plants, it has been supposed to be beneficial in cases of snake bite. (limits, a town of France, capital of the de- partment of Lot, on the right bank of the river Lot, which encloses the town on three sides, 60 m. JST. of Toulouse; pop. in 1866, 14,- 115. It stands on a rocky eminence, and has steep and narrow streets. Vestiges of a Ro- man amphitheatre, aqueduct, and portico are still to be seen. Of the three bridges over the Lot, one, probably built in the 14th century, is surmounted by three towers, to defend the ap- proach to the town. Cahors is the seat of a bishopric, the occupant of which during the middle ages held the title of count, and wore Roman Amphitheatre at Cahors. a sword and gauntlets, which he deposited on the altar when he said mass. The cathedral is a large and ancient building. The old episco- pal palace is now the prefect's residence. Among the public institutions are a theological seminary, two public libraries, a lyceum, an agricultural society, provincial college, and the- atre. Pope John XXII. and Joachim Murat were born here. The university, which was founded in the 14th century, but suppressed after the revolution of 1789, had the famous jurist Cujas as one of its professors, and among its pupils was Fenelon, whose monument is placed in front of the college. There are some manufactures of cloth and other woollen stuffs, and a considerable trade in wines, leaf tobacco, brandies, oil, and truffles. During the middle ages Cahors was famous for its usurers. The capture of Cahors in 1580 was one of the most brilliant exploits of Henry of Navarre.