Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/557

CAIAPIIAS CA IRA 551 CAIAPHAS (styled by Josephus "Joseph who was also Caiaphas "), a Jewish high priest from about A. i). 27 to 36. He was appointed by the Roman procurator Valerius Gratus in place of Simon son of Camith, and having been de- posed by the proconsul Vitellius was succeeded by Jonathan, son of Annas or Ananus. Annas, the father-in-law of Oaiaphas, had formerly been high priest, and in the Gospel of Luke the names of Caiaphas and Annas are coupled together as high priests. Some have supposed that they exercised the functions of the office jointly or by turns ; others, that Annas was so called because he had formerly been high priest ; but the prevalent theory is that Annas was at the time of the trial of Christ the sagan or deputy of Caiaphas. Jesus, having been apprehended, was first brought before Annas, by whom he was sent to Caiaphas. The lat- ter, not having the power of capital punish- ment, sent him to Pilate, the Roman governor, who unwillingly condemned him to death. Caiaphas belonged to the sect of the Sadducees, and opposed the early labors of the apostles. CAICOS, Cayeos, or The Keys, four of the Ba- hama islands, called Great, Little, and North Keys, and Providence island. Some islets and rocks are generally included with them under the name of Caieos. The Great Key is 30 m. long. They are under the government of Ja- maica. < UI.I.K, Nicolas Louis de la. See LA CAILLE. ( Ul.l.l I, Gulllanme. See JACQUEBIE. C4ILMU I), Frederic, a French traveller, born in Nantes in 1787, died there, May 1, 1869. In 180!) he was working as a goldsmith in Paris, and also attended the lectures at the museum, giving special attention to mineralo- gy. From 1813 to 1815 he travelled as a worker in gold through Belgium, Holland, and Italy, and then went through Asia Minor' to Egypt, where he made large collections in nat- ural history and antiquities. He was employed by Mehemet All to explore the deserts on both sides of the Nile and near the Red sea, and re- discovered the famous emerald mines of Mount Zabarah. He continued his researches in Nu- bia, visited Thebes, discovered one of the an- cient lines of commerce from Egypt to India, and returned to France with a large collection of minerals, plants, and antiquities, which, with his .journal, were purchased by the French government. From these materials M. Jomard prepared the Voyage A Voasis de Thebes, &c. (2 vols. fol., Paris, 1821). Cailliaud returned to Egypt under the patronage of the govern- ment, explored the eastern desert, reaching the city of Siwah and visiting the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and sent to France the mate- rials for his Voyage d Voasw de Syouah (fol., Paris, 1823). lie had remained in Egypt, and in 1821 accompanied Ismael Bey in an expe- dition to Upper Nubia, which penetrated the mountainous region as far as lat. 10 N. Re- turning to France in 1822, he published his most important work, the Voyage d Meroe, &c., de 1819 d 1822 (4 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1826-'7). His collection of more than 500 articles was purchased by the French government. It in- cluded a mummy, inscribed with hieroglyphical characters, with a Greek translation side by side, which was of great service to Champol- lion the younger in his study of the phonetic alphabet and symbols. Cailliaud afterward be- came conservator of the museum of Nantes, and wrote Becherches sur les arts et metiers, les usages de la vie civile et domestique des anciens peuples de VEgypte, de la Nubie et de I'ltthio- pie, &c. (2 vols. 4to, Paris, 1831-'7). He also published several works upon natural history, especially^ in the department of conchology. CAILLIE, Rene, a French traveller, born at Mauze in 1799, died May 28, 1838. When only 16 years old he set out on a voyage to Senegal, and afterward accompanied a caravan to Bondoo, where ho joined an English ex- ploring expedition. This having been thwart- ed, he returned to France, and in 1824 set out again for Senegal, and made preparations to penetrate into the interior of Soodan. He left Kakondy April 19, 1827, and after many hard- ships and detention by illness of five months reached Jenne, on the Niger, March 11, 1828. A month's sail on the Niger brought him to Timbuctoo, where he spent 14 days, and then, joining a caravan, he made a journey across the desert to Fez and Morocco, returning to France in the latter part of 1828. The geo- graphical society of Paris awarded him a prize of 10,000 francs, which had been offered to the first traveller who shonld visit Timbuetoo, and the annual prize of 1,000 francs for the most important discovery. He also received a pension and the order of the legion of honor. His Journal d'un voyage d Tombouctou et d Yenne. dans VAfrique eentrale, with geograph- ical notes by M. Jomard, was published at the cost of the French government (3 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1830). He retired to a small estate which he had purchased in the department of Cha- rente-Inferieure, and was projecting another journey in Africa at the time of his death. CAIN, eldest son of Adam and Eve, a culti- vator of the soil, killed his brother Abel, who was a keeper of flocks, and was condemned to be a fugitive and vagabond on the earth. He retired to the land of Nod, on the east of Eden, where he built a city, which he called Enoch, from the name of his son. ( 1 1 MTKS. a sect of the 2d century, who paid homage to all the reprobate characters men- tioned in sacred history. Cain, from whom they took their name, and Judas Iscariot, of whom they had a forged gospel, were objects of their particular veneration. They were a branch of the Gnostics, and admitted great numbers and various ranks of genii and virtues. C.A IRA, a revolutionary song popular in France during the reign of terror. Originally the music was a favorite air of Marie Antoi- nette, who was doomed to hear it again on her way to the guillotine. For four years it ac-