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552 OAIRD companied the victims of the first revolution to the guillotine with the refrain : " Ah, fa trs, fa ira, ca Ira, Les ari&tocrates & la lanterne. Napoleon, on entering upon the consulate, pro- hibited this and all other songs which savored of the reign of terror. Yet, like the Marneil- laise, the Carmagnole, and the Chant du de- nart, it hecame one of the French national songs. CAIRO, James, a Scottish agriculturist, born at Stranraer, county of Wigton, in 1816. He was educated at Edinburgh, leased a farm from the earl of Galloway, and in 1849 published a treatise on " High Farming as the best Substi- tute for Protection." In 1850-'51 he visited every county in England as agricultural com- missioner for the " Times " newspaper, and his reports were collected into a volume. He sub- sequently visited the United States, and in 1858 published an account of a visit to the prairies. In 1857 he was returned to parlia- ment for Dartmouth, and in 1859 for Stirling. In 1860 he was appointed a member of the fishery hoard, and in 1863 chairman of the royal commission on sea fisheries, whose final report was presented in 1866. In 1864 he carried through parliament a resolution for the collection of agricultural statistics, in conse- quence of which these have been published annually since 1866. His seat in parliament was vacated in 1865 by his acceptance of oflice as one of the enclosure commissioners. In 1868 and 1869 he prepared papers on " the Food of the People," which were read before the statistical society, and were afterward pub- lished. He is a magistrate and deputy lieu- tenant of the county of Wigton. CAIRO, John, a Scottish clergyman, born at Greenock in 1823. He studied at the uni- versity of Glasgow, was licensed as a preacher in 1844, and soon afterward hecame minister in Edinburgh, hut in 1850 went to Errol. In 1858 he delivered in the parish church at Crathy, before the queen and royal family, a discourse on "Religion in Common Life," which, being published by the royal command, excited much attention. In 1858 he removed to Glasgow, and came to be considered one of the most eloquent preachers in Scotland. A volume of his sermons has been published. CAIRO (Arab. Kahireh, the victorious, or Musr el-Kahireh ; called by the natives Musr), the capital of Egypt, the most populous city of Africa, and after Constantinople of the Turkish empire, situated about a mile from the right bank of the Nile, about 10 m. above the apex of the delta of that river, and 120 m. S. E. of Alexandria; lat. 30 2' N., Ion. 81 16' E. ; pop. in 1871, 353,851, of whom about three fourths were Mohammedans, 60,000 Copts, and the rest chiefly native Jews and Greeks, Ar- menians, and Europeans. It lies mostly on the level plain of the Nile valley, hut the S. E. part, including the citadel, is built upon a spur of the Mokkatam mountains. Cairo occupies a CAIRO site of about seven miles in circumference, and presents from without an enchanting spectacle, but within the appearance is far from being at- tractive. The houses of the poor are built of mud or of sun-baked bricks, and are only one story in height. Those of the richer class are built of brick, wood, and a soft stone quar- ried in the neighboring Mokkatam mountains, and are two and frequently three stories high. The streets are generally in a neglected con- dition, unpaved and dusty, but in some of the principal parts of the city and suburbs they have been widened for carriages. Very little rain falls at Cairo, and a heavy shower is con- sidered a calamity; for then the moistened A Modern Street in Cairo. garbage in the streets undergoes a rapid de- composition, producing pestiferous exhalations. The water which during the overflow of the Nile is conveyed into the city by a canal be- comes stagnant in May and June, and is anoth- er cause of disease. The usual mode of con- veyance is by donkeys, horses being rarely employed, and the use of carriages not being practicable except in a few streets. The prin- cipal public place, called the Eshekiyah, is planted with shrubs and trees, and crossed by walks. There are many baths, which are more cleanly than in other eastern cities. There are also many caravansaries or inns, and larga