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566 CALANCIIA CALATAFIMI to congratulate Charles II. on his restoration. He was made chaplain to Charles II., and was offered the bishopric of Lichfield, which he declined. Upon the passage of the act of uni- formity in 1662, he resigned his living, and was committed to Newgate. He declined to form a congregation, but remained a worship- per in the church of which he had been minis- ter. He was one of the authors of " Smectym- nus," a reply to Bishop Hall's "Divine Right of Episcopacy," and published " The Godly Man's Ark" (17th ed., 12mo, London, 1693), "The Noble-man's Pattern" (4to, London, 1643), and many sermons. II. Edmund, D. D., an English clergyman, grandson of the prece- ding, born in London, April 5, 1671, died June 3, 1732. He was educated at the university of Utrecht, and in 1691 was offered a profes- sorship in the university of Edinburgh, which he declined. He began to preach as a non- conformist, and in 1703 took charge of a con- gregation in "Westminster. He arranged for the press "Baxter's Life and Times" (1703), and published "Defence of Moderate Noncon- formity" (3 vols., London, 1703-'5), "The Nonconformists' Memorial" (2 vols., 1721), and several volumes of sermons. A " History of his Life and Times," edited by Rutt, has been published (2 vols., London, 1829). < AI.AM II A, Frey Antonio de la, a Peruvian wri- ter, born at Chuquisaca toward the end of the 16th century, died near the middle of the 17th. He was a member of an Augustinian convent at Lima, and in 1619 prior of his order at Trux- illo. He wrote a book on Peru, which was published at Barcelona in 1639, under the title of Cronica moralizada del orden de San Au- gustin en el Perti. In 1653 an abridged French edition of this work appeared at Toulouse, un- der the title of Histoire de V&glise du Perou. (ALAND, or Kaland, a religious brotherhood dating from the 13th century, consisting of Roman Catholic priests and laymen, devoted to charitable and devotional labors. It was confirmed by the local bishops, though not by the pope, and acquired considerable corporate influence and property, mainly in N. Germany, but to some extent in Switzerland, France, Hungary, and probably in Sweden. Many of the brotherhood held licenses for breweries, and their beer-drinking degenerated in the 15th and 16th centuries into orgies; and the reputation of the order sank so low that it was dissolved previous to the reformation, its prop- erty being appropriated to public uses. CALAS, Jean, a French Protestant, born in 1698, executed at Toulouse, March 9, 1762. He was a merchant of Toulouse, his wife an English woman of French extraction. One evening in October, 1761, after the family had retired from supper, his eldest son, Marc An- toine, a young man addicted to gambling, and of a gloomy disposition, was found dead at the entrance to his father's warehouse. Besides the members of Calas's family, there was at the time no person in his house excepting M. Lavaysse, a young gentleman from Bordeaux. When the corpse of young Calas was discov- ered, the greatest excitement ensued, and the multitude of Toulouse declared that his family had murdered him in order to prevent his se- cession from Protestantism. The honors of martyrdom were paid to young Calas, who was buried with great pomp, a catafalque erected upon his grave, and a skeleton placed upon it, with a martyr's palm in one hand and the act of abjuration in the other. The father was sentenced to die on the wheel by a tribunal of 13 judges, 5 of whom dissented from the verdict. The sentence was carried into exe- cution, and the body burned to ashes. His youngest son was placed in a convent, with a view of forcing him to abjure Calvinism, and the daughters were shut up in a nunnery. A Catholic servant in Calas's family and Lavaysse were acquitted, although there was much ill feeling against the latter, as he was suspected of being an emissary of the Huguenots of Gui- enne. The wife succeeded in escaping to Switzerland, where Voltaire, who then resided at Ferney, became interested in the case ; and it was due to his strenuous interference that Elie de Beaumont and other eminent lawyers took it in hand, and obtained a reversal of the judgment. The Calas family were declared in- nocent, and a pension of 30,000 francs was granted to them by Louis XV. CALASCIBETTA, a town of Sicily, in the prov- ince and 15 m. N. E. of Caltanisetta ; pop. about 5,500. Near it are many caverns. CALASH), Mario de, an Italian Hebraist, born at Calasio, in the kingdom of Naples, in 1550, died in 1620. "While in a Franciscan convent he studied Hebrew and Biblical lit- erature, and was made doctor of theology and professor of Hebrew at Rome. He prepared a Hebrew grammar and dictionary. His great work, Coneordantm Sacrorum Bibliomm He- traica, to which he had devoted 40 years, was published shortly after his death under the patronage of Pope Paul V. and Gregory XV. (4 vols. fol., Rome, 1621). In it the passages are cited in Hebrew and Latin, with facilities for comparison with the Arabic, Chaldee, and Syriac versions. An edition was published by Romaine (4 vols. fol., London, 1747-'9), but it is not as accurate as the former one. CALATAFIMI, a town of Sicily, in the prov- ince of Trapani, 34 m. S. "W. of Palermo; pop. nearly 10,000. It is called after a Saracenic castle, the ruins of which occupy an eminence, and are used as a prison. The town is ill built, but commands a fine view of the ruins of Segesta and of the adjoining hills, which are clothed with vineyards, olive orchards, and grain fields. It contains several convents and churches. Agriculture is the main occupation, and excellent cheese is made. Calatafimi has given its name to the first successful battle of Garibaldi, May 15, 1860, with a little more than 2,000 men, against the Neapolitans, who had 3,600 men and four guns. The real con-