Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/62

56 BONCHAMP BOND and kings. He was canonized by Sixtus IV. in 1482, and declared by Sixtus V. in 1587 the sixth in rank among the great doctors of the church. The sublime and mystical thoughts which abound in his writings gained him the title of the seraphic doctor. The Franciscans regard him as one of their most learned theolo- g'ans, and rank him with Thomas Aquinas, e is the patron saint of the city of Lyons, where he was buried. His works include a commentary on the Maguter Sententiarum of Peter Lombard, the two manuals of dogma called the Breviloquium and Centiloquium, the Itinerarium Mentis in Deum, the Reduetio Artium in Theologiam, the Biblia Pauperum^ a life of St. Francis, and various songs and devotional and exegetical treatises. They are of a strong mystical tendency, but fervent in spirit and practical in their teachings. They have been published at Rome (8 vols. fol., 1588-'96), Lyons (7 vols. fol., 1088), and Venice (14 vols. 4to, 1752-'6). BONCHAMP, Charles Melehlor Artns, marquis de, a French soldier, born at Jouverteil, Anjou, about 1760, died near Chollet, Oct. 18, 1793. He served in the American war of indepen- dence, and on his return to France resigned and remained faithful to Louis XVI. After the outbreak of the insurrection in Vendee (March, 1793), his tenantry compelled him to place himself at their head. He commanded the in- surgent troops in Lower Poitou and in Anjou, and was wounded in the attack on Nantes and on other occasions, and defeated Kleber near Torfou. He was mortally wounded near Chollet, and died next day on the retreat, af- ter having prevented his soldiers from retalia- ting upon the prisoners of war. The Memoires de Mme. de BoncTiamp sur la Vendee, edited by Mme. de Genlis (Paris, 1823), are regarded as good authority, though ultra-royalist. BOM), in law, an instrument in writing and under seal, whereby one person, who is called the obligor, acknowledges himself bound to an- other, who is called the obligee, for the pay- ment of a specified sum of money. If this be the whole, it is called a simple bond ; but usu- ally the sum mentioned is specified by way of penalty only, and a condition is underwritten which constitutes the real contract, and which may be for the payment of money, or for any other lawful act to be done .or performed by the obligor or by any other person, and which when done shall discharge the penalty. To constitute a valid bond, the obligor must be competent to contract, and he must seal and deliver the instrument ; he need not sign, though usually this formality is observed. The seal is evidence that it is given upon sufficient con- sideration. A bond has some advantages over simple contracts, or those which are not under seal, the chief of which is that, under the statutes of limitation, the remedy by suit there- on is not so soon barred ; 6 years being in gen- eral the period in the case of simple contracts, and 10, 15, or 20, in different states, in the case of bonds. At common law, also, contracts under seal were entitled to precedence in the distribution of estates of deceased persons. In a suit upon a bond the obligee recovers judg- ment for the penalty, but to be discharged upon payment of the actual damages sustained by non-performance of the condition, which damages are assessed by the court or jury and constitute the real measure of liability. A bond is not negotiable, and though it may be assigned, the assignee must at common law sue upon it in the name of the obligee. BOND, a S. W. county of Illinois, intersected by Shoal creek and its branches, and touched on the S. E. corner by Kaskaskia river ; area, about 400 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 13,152. The St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute, and Indian- apolis railroad passes through the county. The surface is moderately uneven, and occupied by beautiful prairies and woodland in equal pro- portion. The soil is fertile. Coal is found near Shoal creek. The chief productions in 1870 were 309,325 bushels of wheat, 1,064,052 of Indian corn, 401,097 of oats, 19,338 tons of hay, and 37,259 Ibs. of wool. There were 6,481 horses, 3,618 milch cows, 10,233 sheep, and 16,907 swine. Capital, Greenville. BOND, Thomas Emerson, an American physician, editor, and preacher, born in Baltimore, Md., in February, 1782, died in New York, March 14, 1856. After studying in the medical school of the university of Pennsylvania, and taking his degree at the university of Maryland, he returned to Baltimore to practise medicine, and was soon called to a professorship there. While practising medicine he was likewise licensed as a local preacher in the Methodist Episcopal church. Trained to a vigorous style by faithful study of the English classics, Dr. Bond was peculiarly fitted to take active part in the theological questions that agitated the Methodist church from 1816 to 1830. In 1830 and 1831 he conducted the "Itinerant," in which he defended the polity of the Methodist Episcopal church against those views of church government that culminated in the secession of the Methodist Protestant church. His rep- utation is chiefly owing to his editorial man- agement of the " Christian Advocate and Jour- nal," the chief organ of the M. E. church. He conducted this journal for 12 years, being editor-in-chief at his death. He published an "Appeal to the Methodists" (8vo, 1827), and "Narrative and Defence" (8vo, 1828). BOND. I. William Craneh, an American as- tronomer, born in Portland, Me., Sept. 9, 1789, died in Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 29, 1859. He was brought up by his father to the trade of watch- making, but devoted much of his time from early youth to studying astronomy. He estab- lished a private observatory at Dorchester, Mass., and gained considerable reputation by his discoveries, and in 1838 was selected by the United States government to make obser- vations for the use of an expedition to the South sea. He superintended the construe-