Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/26

18 CARPATHUS CARPENTER are covered with perpetual snow. Small moun- tain lakes of great depth, called "eyes of the sea," are met with in various parts. Numerous passes intersecting these mountains facilitate communication between the countries lying at their base. The most remarkable and fre- quented of these are those of Teregova, lead- ing from Orsova to Temesvar ; of Vulcan, form- ing the valley in which the Schyl flows ; and of the Red Tower in a gorge formed by the Aluta, at the foot of Mt. Surul. All of these passes were formerly strongly fortified to pre- vent the entrance of the Turks into Transyl- vania, but several of them have nevertheless at various times been forced. (See HUNGABY, and TRANSYLVANIA.) CARPATHrS. See SCABPANTO. CARPEAl'X, Jean Baptist*, a French sculptor, born in Valenciennes, May 14, 1827. He stud- ied in Paris, obtained the prize of Rome in 1854, produced his first statue, a fisher boy, in 1859, and acquired reputation in 1863 by his group of Ugolino and his children, which was pur- chased by the government and attracted at- tention by a bold departure from classical mod- els. Conspicuous among his subsequent pro- ductions are a Neapolitan fisherman, in Baron Rothschild's gallery ; a girl with a shell, in pos- session of the duchess de Mouchy ; and many busts. In 1865 he executed for the Flora pa- vilion of the Louvre statuary exhibiting impe- rial France AS enlightening the world and pro- tecting agriculture and science. His subse- quent work representing dancing on the facade of the new opera house has been highly praised for its singular picturesqueness, and much cen- sured for violating the conventional rules of art ; and an unavailing attempt to damage it by corrosive ink was made soon after its ap- pearance, in the night of Aug. 27, 1869. CARPENTARIA, Golf of, the largest bay of Aus- tralia, deeply indenting the northern coast, be- tween lat. 10 40' and 17 30' S., and Ion. 137 and 142 E. No settlement has yet been made on its coast. The name is derived from Peter Carpenter, who from 1623 to 1627 was gov- ernor general of the Dutch possessions in the East Indies. CARPENTER, Lant, LL. D., an English clergy- man, born at Kidderminster, Sept. 2, 1780, died April 5, 1840. He was of a nonconformist fam- ily, and at an early age was adopted and edu- cated by Mr. Pearsall, a relative of his mother. Designed for the ministry, he was sent in 1797 to the Northampton academy. That school being temporarily discontinued, he was placed at Glasgow college. Leaving college in 1801 without his degree, he spent some time in teaching, and as librarian of the Athenroum, Liverpool. While at the academy he became imbued with liberal religious views, and at Liverpool he allied himself with the Unitarian denomination, receiving several invitations to the pastoral charge of Unitarian congregations, and a call to a professorship in their college ^at York. In 1805 he finally accepted a call ti succeed Dr. Thomas Kenrick at Exeter, where he continued for 12 years. From Exeter he removed to the pastoral charge of the Unita- rian congregation at Bristol (1817), where he continued with a short interval until his death, which occurred by falling overboard between Naples and Leghorn, while on a tour for his health. His piety was of an eminently prac- tical turn. The instruction of children was an object of constant "interest, and he estab- lished Sunday schools among the children of Exeter and Bristol. Among his more impor- tant works are " An Introduction to the Geog- raphy of the New Testament," " Unitarianism the Doctrine of the Gospel," "Examination of the Charges against Unitarianism," "Harmony of the Gospels," and a volume of sermons. CARPENTER, William Benjamin, an English physiologist, son of the preceding, born in Exeter, Oct. 29, 1813. He was originally in- tended for an engineer, but graduated as doctor of medicine at Edinburgh in 1839. One of his earliest papers, published in the " Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal," was on the "Voluntary and Instinctive Actions of Living Beings ;" and in this and other early papers he laid the foundations of those views which he afterward developed more fully in his " Principles of General and Comparative Phys- iology, intended as an Introduction to the Study of Human Physiology, and as a Guide to the Philosophical Pursuit of Natural His- tory " (8vo, London, 1839). After receiving his diploma in Edinburgh, lie settled in Bris- tol, and became lecturer on medical juris- prudence in the medical school of that city. In 1843 and subsequent years he produced the "Popular Cyclopaedia of Science," em- bracing the subjects of mechanics, vegetable and animal physiology, and zoology. In 1844 he was appointed professor of physiology in the royal institution, London, where he has since resided. In 1846 he published " Principles of Human Physiology," which reached a 7th edition in 1869. In 1854 a 4th edition of his " Principles of Comparative Physiology " was published, followed by the " Principles of General Physiology." These two works, with that " On Human Physiology," form three in- dependent volumes, comprising the whole range of biological science. The articles on the "Varieties of Mankind," the "Micro- scope," "Smell," "Taste," "Touch," "Sleep," "Life," "Nutrition," and "Secretion," pub- lished in the " Cyclopredia of Anatomy and Physiology," are also from his pen. Having written much as a popular disseminator, as well as an original investigator of science, he has been accused of being a plagiarist and mere compiler. In answer to this charge, he claims, in the preface to the 3d edition of his "General and Comparative Physiology," the following facts and doctrines as his own : 1. The mutual connection of vital forces, and their relation to the physical. This doctrine is fully developed in a paper on the "Mutual Rela-