Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/638

626 CIVILIS CIVITA CASTELLANA printed by Elzevir (8vo, 1664, 1681, 1687, and 1700) ; editions by G. 0. Gebauer and G. A. Spangenberg (Gottingen, 1776 and 1797), con- taining various readings and explanatory notes ; Pothier, Pandectce Justiniance in novum Ordi- nem ditgesta;, &c. (3 vols. fol., Paris, 1748-'52, and 1818-'21); Schroder (Berlin, 1832). Several editions of the text and most important read- ings, without notes, have been published at Leipsic; among them that of Beck (2 vols., 1829-'37), and another of Kriegel brothers (1828-'37); Kruger's Jmtinianilnstitutiones (1867) ; and Mommsen's Digesta Justiniani (1868). Valuable works on the history of the civil law, and on the different brandies of the law, are: Hugo, Lehrbuch for Geschiehte des Rdmischen Rechts, of which there is a French translation; Savigny, Geschichtedes Romischen Rechts im Mittelalter, which has been trans- lated into French and English; Guizot, His- toire de la civilisation en France; Puchta, Institutionen (Berlin, 1832), and sPandek- ten (1852) ; Pardessus, Memoire sur Vorigine du droit coutumier en France et sur son etat nisqtfau treizieme siecle (1834); A. F. Justus Thibaut, System des Pandektenrechts (8th ed., 1837); Savigny, Das heutige Romische Recht (8 vols. and 2 vols.); Obligationenrecht (1840- '53) ; Laferriere, Histoire du droit francais (6 vols., 1846) ; Giraud, Essai sur Vhistoire du droit francais au may en Age (1 846) ; Laferriere, Essai sur Vhistoire du droit francais depute les temps anciem justfu^d nos jours (^ vols., 1859); Seuffert, Daspraktische Pandektenrecht(% vols., 7th ed., 1860-'f>4), and Das praktische gemeine Citilrecht (3 vols., 3d ed., 1868); Vangerow, Lehrbuch der Pandekten (2 vols., 7th ed., 1863- '9); Keller, Pandekten (2d ed., by Lewis, 1866); Puohta, Pandekten (10th ed., by Ru- dorff, 1866); Arndts, Lehrbuch der Pandek- ten (6th ed., 1868) ; Mackeldey, Ilandbuch des neuen Citilrechts ; " Gaius's Commentaries on the Roman Law, with an English transla- tion and annotations," by Tomkins and Se- niors (London, 1869); Tomkins and Jencken, " A Compendium of the Modern Roman Law, founded upon the trea- tises of Puchta, Von Vangerow, Arndts, F. Mohler, and the Corpus Juris ddlis" (London, 1870) ; Ortolan, 7/w- tuift' i/e fa legislation ro- mniiie et generalisation <l'i droit (Paris, 1870; translated into English by Prichard and Nas- niith, London, 1871). (IVILI8, (landing, also called Jtrurs, leader of the revolt of the Ger- manic nation of the Ba- tavi (settled around the mouths of the Rhine and Maas) against the Ro- mans, A. D. 69-70, as chronicled by Tacitus. Al- though in the imperial service as prefect of a co- hort, he was of the Batavian royal race, and had no reason to love the Romans, who had wrong- fully put his brother to death and sought his own life. When the contest for the purple was going on between Vitellius and Vespasian, the parti- sans of the latter urged Civilis to a feigned re- volt, so as to prevent the legions in Germany favorable to Vitellius from marching on Rome. Civilis determined to make the revolt a real one. Under pretext of a festival he assembled the chiefs of his nation in a sacred grove and induced them to rise against the Roman yoke. Having placed a young man named Brinno at their head as nominal leader, the Batavi and two neighboring tribes, their allies, gained some skirmishes ; whereon, it being no longer possible to conceal that Civilis was the prime mover, he put himself at the head of the insur- gents. Still keeping up the fiction that he was fighting for Vespasian, he attacked and de- stroyed all the Roman camps on the Rhine, excepting Cologne and Mentz, which he re- tained. As the Batavi continued in arms after Vespasian had gained the empire, Cerealis was sent against them with a powerful force. Civilis offered to make Cerealis emperor of the Gauls if he would come over to their side, but the offer was declined. A campaign followed with varying success, till finally fortune turned against the insurgents, and they were driven into the island of Batavia. Cerealis offered his adversary terms. An interview between the generals took place on a bridge, where Tacitus leaves them conversing. The subse- quent history of Civilis is unknown. 1 1 1 1 A CASTELLAN!, a fortified town of Italy, in the province and 25 m. N. of Rome, upon an elevated plateau, nearly surrounded by ra- vines ; pop. about 3,500. The Maggiore and the Treja unite just below the town, and fall into the Civit-j Castellana.