Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/670

658 CLEAR CREEK CLEAVELAND lowers knew the secret aim of their long marches from province to province until they reached the plains of Babylonia, and the skill of Clearchns in leading them was as admirable as his valor. At the battle of Cunaxa Clear- chus commanded the right wing of the Grecian army ; and after the death of Cyrus, when the Greeks retreated fighting, he was tacitly rec- ognized as their commander-in-chief. He and his chief officers having accepted the invitation of Tissaphernes, the Persian commander, to come to a friendly conference in his camp, they were seized, sent to the court of Artax- erxes, and put to death. Left without comman- ders and in despair, the Greeks were saved by Xenophon, who admirably led their retreat, no less admirably described in his Anabasis. CLEAR CREEK, a N. central county of Col- orado ; area, about 350 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 1,596. The surface is mountainous, the Medi- cine Bow range crossing the county near the centre. It is watered by South Clear creek and its tributaries. In the valleys of these streams the soil is good. Water power is plen- tiful. It is the principal silver-producing coun- ty of Colorado ; gold is also found, gulch and placer diggings being worked to some extent. In 1870 the gold and silver ore shipped from the county amounted to $415,066 08. Capital, Georgetown. CLEARFIELD, a W. central county of Penn- sylvania, situated mostly on the W. declivity of the Alleghany mountains; area, about 1,150 sq. in. ; pop. in 1870, 25,741. The W. branch of the Susquehanna river bisects it, and near the middle of the county receives the waters of Clearfield creek. Mushannon creek runs along the S. E. boundary. The soil near the large streams is fertile, and on the uplands are good pastures and some arable tracts. The eastern part is much cut up by deep ravines, and is generally too rugged for cultivation. Anthracite coal and iron abound. The forests furnish large quantities of pine, oak, poplar, and cherry, which are conveyed down the rivers by means of rafts. The Clearfield divi- sion of the Pennsylvania Central railroad ter- minates at the county seat. The chief produc- tions in 1870 were 68,724 bushels of wheat, 52,117 of rye, 245,269 of Indian corn, 375,053 of oats, 43,426 of buckwheat, 62,059 of po- tatoes, 19,928 tons of hay, 451,942 Ibs. of. butter, and 57,072 of wool. There were 4,497 horses, 5,677 milch cows, 6,454 other cattle, 18,408 sheep, and 8,626 swine; 44 saw mills, 6 flour mills, 6 tanneries, 5 manufactories of iron castings, and 6 of tin, copper, and sheet- iron ware. Capital, Clearfield. CLEARING Hoist:. See BANK, vol. ii., p. 282. CLEAVELAND, a S. W. county of North Caro- lina, bordering on South Carolina, intersected by the First Broad river ; area, about 660 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 12,696, of whom 2,063 were colored. The soil is generally good ; the sur- face is uneven, and marked by several consid- erable elevations, the principal of which is King's mountain, near the S. E. border. Gold is found. The western division of the Wil- mington, Charlotte, and Rutherford railroad is completed to the county seat. The chief pro- ductions in 1870 were 42,666 bushels of wheat, 236,252 of Indian corn, 67,794 of oats, 37,882 of sweet potatoes, 106,269 Ibs. of butter, and 520 bales of cotton. There were 1,301 horses, 1,002 mules and asses, 2,577 milch cows, 4,119 other cattle, 8,026 sheep, and 10,602 swine. Capital, Shelby. CLEAVELAND, Parker, an American mineral- ogist, born at Rowley, Mass., Jan. 15, 1780, died at Brunswick, Me., Oct. 15, 1858. He graduated at Harvard college in 1799, and then passed three years in teaching in Haverhill, Mass., and York, Me., being in the latter place also postmaster and clerk of the courts. He was a tutor in Harvard college from 1803 to 1805, when he was chosen professor of mathe- matics and natural philosophy, and lecturer on chemistry and mineralogy, in Bowdoin college, an office which with some modifications he re- tained till his death. Thus connected with this institution from its infancy, he instructed every class that graduated from it during more than half a century, and by his labors in science and his enthusiasm in teaching he contributed largely to its growth and eminence. He de- voted himself especially to mineralogy, and traversed the surrounding country as far as the White mountains in prosecution of his re- searches, forming a very valuable cabinet. He contributed several papers to the journal of the American academy of arts and sciences, and in 1816 published his "Mineralogy and Geology," a work which earned for him the name of father of American mineralogy, and did much to associate this country with the scientific labors of older nations. It was upon the general system of Brongniart and Hatiy, and was chiefly distinguished by the minute accuracy of its descriptions, and by the original information which it gave of the new localities of minerals. The correspondence of Prof. Cleaveland was now solicited by the most eminent scientific men, by Sir Humphry Davy, Sir David Brewster, Cuvier, Brongniart, and Hauy, and he received diplomas of member- ship from sixteen of the principal literary and scientific societies in Europe. Professorships were also tendered to him at different times by Harvard, Dartmouth, Princeton, and other col- leges in the United States. A second and much enlarged edition of his "Mineralogy" appeared in 1822, and a third in 1856. In 1889 the presidency of the college was offered to him, which he declined ; and from that time his efforts were chiefly as teacher and lecturer before the classes of the college and of the medical school connected with it. His genial enthusiasm in scientific pursuits, his clearness of perception, and severe official fidelity obtained for him remarkable success and popularity as an instructor. During the