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624 CZARTORYSKI all these attempts failed ; the confederation of Targovitza against the new constitution was assisted by the arms of Russia, Poniatowski deserted the cause of the reform, and in 1793 a new partition of Poland ensued. Czartoryski now retired and lived at Vienna during the great rising under Kosciuszko (1794), whom he persuaded not to extend the insurrection over the frontiers of Austria ; which, however, did not prevent that power from taking its share at the final dismemberment of Poland in 1795. He took no part in the events which followed the treaty of Tilsit, and the creation of the duchy of Warsaw by Napoleon (1807) ; but in 1812 he accepted the marshalship of the confederation, preceding the invasion of Russia, which promised the restoration of ancient Po- land. The fatal issue of the great campaign foiled his hope, and Czartoryski retired to Pulawy, but in 1815 headed a deputation to the congress of Vienna, and presented to the emperor Alexander the outlines of a new con- stitution for the kingdom of Poland, now re- organized under his sceptre. Alexander made him senator palatine. IVt Elzbieta, wife of the preceding, born countess of Flemming in 1746, died in Galicia, June 17, 1835. She was dis- tinguished by beauty, spirit, and patriotism, but also inclined to romantic extravagance. Having spent several years at court, and in travels in western Europe, she retired to Pu- lawy, where she constructed the admirable gardens of which Delille sings in the didactic poem Les jardins, and the " temple of the sibyl," containing a collection of relics of Polish history. She was also active in promoting in- dustry and education. She published " Ideas on the Construction of Gardens" (Breslau, 1807), and "The Pilgrim in Dobromil " (War- saw, 1818), a popular book on national history, for the instruction of the agricultural class. Having survived the three partitions and two restorations of Poland, she proved her patriot- ism in the revolution of 1830-'31, but had the mortification to see her seat at Pulawy bom- barded by her own grandson, the prince of Wurtemberg, who served in the Russian army. She passed her last years with her daughter in Galicia. The collections of Pulawy were in part dispersed, and in part transported to St. Petersburg. V. Marya Anna, daughter of the preceding, born March 15, 1768, died in Paris in October, 1854. In 1784 she was married to Louis Frederick Alexander, prince of Wurtem- berg ; but as he betrayed the cause of Poland in 1792, she left him and was divorced. Her mother says in one of her letters : u A heavenly soul, an angelic character, a charming figure, talents, virtues, and many misfortunes this is her history," ^ In 1818 she published a ro- mance, Malwina, which was translated into several languages. After the revolution of 1830-'31 she retired to Galicia. The estates of the Czartoryskis in the kingdom of Poland having been confiscated, her only son Adam, prince of Wurtemberg, who had served against the Poles, offered her a pension, which she re- jected in the following words : " Sir, I have not the honor of knowing you ; I have no longer a son, and care little for fortune." VI. Adam Jerzy, brother of the preceding, born Jan. 14, 1770, died at Montfermeil, near Paris, July 16, 1861. He completed his education in France and at the university of Edinburgh, fought in 1792 against the Russians, in the Lithuanian army under Zabiello, and was sent in 1795 to St. Petersburg, as a hostage for the fidelity of his family. There, being attached to the per- son of the grand duke Alexander, the future emperor, he became his intimate friend. In 1792 he was sent by the emperor Paul as am- bassador to the court of Sardinia, whence he was recalled in 1802 by Alexander, to assist him in the department of foreign affairs. This situation drew upon him much censure on the part of some of his countrymen, which, how- ever, his conduct gradually overcame. On April 11, 1805, he signed for Russia the alli- ance with England, 'and accompanied Alexan- der in the campaign in Austria. He also fol- lowed him to the campaign in Prussia, and to the conferences of Tilsit in 1807. The duchy of Warsaw having been created by the treaty then concluded, he left the service of the em- peror and lived retired till 1813, when he again accompanied Alexander to Germany, France, and the congress of Vienna. Made senator palatine of the new kingdom of Poland by Al- exander, he appeared at its first diet, acting in behalf of liberal ideas. In 1821 he resigned the curatorship of the university of Wilna, which he had held since its organization in 1803, in consequence of the extraordinary per- secutions to which a number of students, ac- cused of conspiracy, had been subjected. After the outbreak of the revolution of Nov. 29, 1830, he was called to preside over the provisional government. He convoked for Dec. 18 the diet which proclaimed the independence of Poland, Jan. 25, 1831, when he became presi- dent of the national government. This dignity, in which he sacrificed immense riches, he laid down to serve as a private soldier under Ra- morino. After the surrender of that general in Galicia, and the fall of Warsaw (September, 1831), he shared the fate of the Polish emi- gration in France. He was excluded from the amnesty of 1831 ; his estates in the Russian Polish provinces were confiscated; those in Austria were sequestered in 1846 inconsequence of a declaration in favor of the revolutionary movement which drove the Austrians from Cracow, but were restored in 1848. In March, 1848, he issued a proclamation calling upon the representatives of Germany and France to unite for the restoration of Poland. In April of the same year he abolished serfdom on his estates of Sieniawa. Being the choice of the monarchical party in the Polish emigration, Czartoryski was often violently attacked by the democrats; but together with his wife, Anna (born Princess Sapieha in 1796), he