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CZASLAU CZERNY GEORGE 625 sustained bis dignified position by a nearly regal munificence, which made hia hotel in Paris a place of refuge for his suffering com- patriots. His eldest son, WITOLD, born June 6, 1824, died in Algiers, Nov. 14, 1865 ; and his second son, WLADYSLAW, born July 3, 1828, became head of the family. His first wife, a daughter of the ex-queen Christina of Spain, having died in 1864, he married in 1872 the princess Marguerite of Orleans, daughter of the duke de Nemours, second son of Louis Philippe. CZASLAU, a town of Bohemia, 45 m. S. E. of Prague; pop. about 6,000. It has a church noted for its lofty spire, and containing the tomb of Ziska, the Hussite leader. The town also contains a high school and manufactories of copper and brass ware, beet sugar, and alco- hol. It is memorable for a victory of Frederick the Great over the Austrians, May IT, 1742. CZEGLED, a market town of Hungary, in the county and 42 m. S. E. of the city of Pesth, on the Pesth and Szolnok railway; pop. in 1870, 22,216. It is situated in a fertile district, which produces much grain and some red wine. It has a Roman Catholic and a Calvinist church. The inhabitants are mostly Magyars and agri- culturists. The proximity of Kecskemet, Szol- nok, and the Theiss made Czegled conspicuous during the Hungarian war of 1848-'9. CZELAKOWSKY. See CELAKOVSKY. CZENSTOCHOWA, or Czenstochau, a town of Russian Poland, in the government of Piotrkow, near the Prussian frontier, on the Warta, and on the Cracow and Warsaw railway ; pop. in 1867, 14,167. It consists of an old and a new town, and the suburb St. Barbara. Its chief manufacture is chaplets and images for the pilgrims from Poland and other Slavic coun- tries, who annually visit the shrine of the monastery of St. Paul, on the Klareberg (Pol. Jasna Gora), between the old and new towns, which contains a dark brown image of the Virgin, the miraculous power of which is a matter of general belief among the Slavic peo- ple. The monastery, having been pillaged by the Hussites in the 15th century, was fortified, and in 1655 withstood a siege of the Swedes of Charles Gustavus, who had occupied the whole country, and were here repulsed by a few fri- ars. It was bravely defended by the confede- rates of Bar under Pulaski in 1771, when the old town was reduced to ashes. It was taken by the French in 1806, newly fortified by them in 1812, and finally given up to the Russians, who destroyed the fortifications. CZERMAK. I. Johann Neponmk, a Bohemian physiologist, born in Prague, June 17, 1828. He was professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at Gratz 1855-' 6, of physiology at Cracow 1856-'8, at Pesth 1858-'60, and at Jena 1865-'70, and in 1870 was appointed pro- fessor at Leipsic. He was the first to intro- duce laryngoscopy and rhinoscopy into medical practice by means of a speculum, and has writ- ten many works, including Zur Orientirung im Gesammtgebiet der Zoologie (Leipsic, 1855) and Der Kehllcopfspiegel und seine Verwer- thungfur Physiologie und Medizin (1860). II. Jaroslaw, a Bohemian painter, brother of the preceding, born in Prague, Aug. 1, 1831. His earliest pictures exhibited at the academy of Prague were "Marius on the Ruins of Car- thage" and "The Assassination of Wallen- stein's Companions in Eger." Subsequently he became a member of the academy of Ant- werp, and produced several historical pictures, including " Sloven Emigrants," which was pur- chased by King Leopold I., and " The Hussites entering with Procopius the Council of Basel." Since 1850 he has produced many genre pic- tures, chiefly illustrating Slavic subjects. CZERNOWITZ, Teheraovitz, or Czernowlee, the capital of the Austrian crownland of Bukowina, on the Pruth, 450 m. E. of Vienna; pop. in 1870, 33,884. It stands on a hill overhanging the river, and has broad clean streets, with gardens and vineyards. It has a theological institution belonging to the Greek church, and the new cathedral is the finest building in the town. The former bishopric of Czernowitz was in 1873 made an archbishopric, with juris- diction over the Greek church in Cisleithan Austria. There are also several Roman Cath- olic churches. The manufactures are incon- siderable, the most important being silver ware and hardware. The principal trade, which consists in the raw products of the country, is almost exclusively in the hands of Armenians and Jews. Czernowitz is connected by rail- ways with Lemberg, Jassy, and Galatz. CZERNY, Karl, a German composer, born in Vienna, Feb. 21, 1791, died there, July 15, 1857. He received his musical instruction from his father, a teacher of the piano, appeared at the age of 9 in a concert, and became acquaint- ed with Beethoven and afterward with de- menti. He pursued the profession of his father from 1805 to 1835, and visited London in 1836. Among his pupils are Liszt, Dohler, and other distinguished artists. He wrote an immense number of compositions, and several theoreti- cal works, of which the " Practical School of Composition" (English and German, 3 parts, London and Bonn, 1849), and the Umriss der ganzen Musikgeschichte (Mentz, 1851), are the most remarkable. CZERNY GEORGE, or Kara George (Black George), the leader of the Servians in their in- surrection against the Turks, and their chief during the first period of their national resto- ration, born about 1770, strangled and behead- ed in July, 1817.. He was a peasant, and served in the Austrian army in the war against Turkey, but soon left the service and fled to his native mountains, where he became the chieftain of a band of outlaws. When the insurrection of 1805 broke out, he became its leader. In 1807 the Servians had become masters of the whole country, and George was acknowledged by the sultan as their chief. During the fol- lowing years he was engaged in hostilities with the Turks, supported indirectly by Russia