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626 CZUCZOR and France. After the treaty of Bucharest, in 1812, the Servians were abandoned by Na- poleon and Alexander; and the Turks again made themselves masters of Servia, which however soon recovered a partial independence under Milosh Obrenovitch, George going into exile. In 1817, when the Greek Hetairia was secretly preparing a general insurrection in the northern provinces of the Ottoman empire, George returned to Servia and besought Milosh to raise the banner of insurrection. But the new ruler, afraid of a rival, informed the pasha of Belgrade of his presence, and that official demanded his head, which was sent to Con- stantinople, where it was publicly exposed. (See ALEXANDEB KAKAGEOKGEVITCH.) CZUCZOR, Gergely, a Hungarian author, born at Andod, county of Neutra, Dec. 17, 1800, died in Pesth, Sept. 9, 1866. He was a Bene- dictine monk, and from 1825 to 1835 was pro- fessor at the colleges of Raab and Comorn ; but after he had removed to Pesth, where in 1835 he was elected assistant librarian and keeper of the archives of the Hungarian acad- emy, the monks found fault with some of his poems, and he was compelled to relinquish his office and his public literary pursuits, and re- enter the monastery. In 1844 he became the editor of the academical dictionary, in which he had advanced to the letter I when the work was interrupted by the revolution of 1848. Czu- czor embraced the popular movement, and was sentenced in 1849 to six years' imprisonment for his Riado, a Hungarian Marseillaise. At the intercession of the president of the acad- emy, Count Joseph Teleky, he was enabled to resume in prison his labors on the dictionary. After the capture of Buda he was released by the Hungarian army ; but on the defeat of the revolution he preferred prison to exile, and gave himself up to the victors. He was trans- ferred to the state prison of Kufstein, where he remained until 1850, when he was pardoned. While at Kufstein he devoted himself to his dictionary (of which five volumes prepared under his direction were published before his death), and to a Hungarian translation of Tacitus. His epic poems, "The Battle of Augsburg," "The Assembly of Arad," and " Hunyady," are among his most renowned productions. He also published a translation of Sparks's "Life of Washington." D DTHE fourth letter in the Phoenician ^ system of writing, and in most of those derived from it. It is the representative of the last of the four classes into which the sounds of human speech may be divided ; A representing the first or faucal (vocal) class, B the second or labial, and C the third or gut- tural. The letters of this fourth, denti-lingual or lingui-dental class, viz., d, t, s, z, I, r, are visible signs of the articulated sounds pro- duced by various movements of the tongue touching the teeth, and gums, and are there- fore convertible into each other; and from a misunderstanding of the real character of human phonetism, and of its graphic repre- sentation, the combination th, and even g, j, and ch, have been and are used instead of the letters of the fourth class. D is the sonorous counterpart of T, and is produced by applying the tip of the tongue to the superior incisive teeth and to their gum, while the tongue, obliquely rising, obstructs the passage of the breath ; then by suddenly withdrawing this ob- struction, while the larynx resounds (oscillates) during the passage of the air through the glot- tis, the sound in question is exploded. When the larynx does not thus resound, we utter the harder T. The I, r, are strictly lingui-dental, and d, t, s, z, denti-lingual. The Semitic name daleth (whence the Greek delta), signifying door, gate, has nothing to do either with the nature of the sound or with the figure of the letter, and was probably chosen merely on ac- count of its beginning with this sound. Its figure is more or less triangular, and more or less rounded, while in many so-called alphabets it is a mere angle or crook. In old Slavic it oc- cupies (erroneously) the 5th place, in Ethiopia the 19th, or, counting the Amharic additions, the 24th. Its hieroglyphs are the segment of a circle, an open hand, a beetle, which designate both T and D. Moreau de Dammartin derives the figure from the northern triangle, and from the little triangle in the head of the ram in the zodiac. In Arabic there are four modifications of it, to wit: dal (4, as a numeral sign), the 8th letter; dzal (700), the 9th; dhad (800), the 15th; and dha (900), the 17th; but in Cufic writing only the first is used. The Devanagari has two series of letters, each consisting of five (t, th, d, dh, 11), one of which is named cerebral or lingual, and the other dental ; most of the modes of writing employed in the middle and south of Asia follow this arrangement. In Mongolic and Mantchooric D is distinguished from T by a dot, as it is also in the runes. The Finns, Lapps, and other northern people, scarcely distinguish it from T. It is the only sonorous consonant with the Hurons, and was very prevalent among the natives of the Mexi- can plateau and in the Quichua of South Amer- ica. It does not occur on Etruscan monuments, T being used in its place. Grimm exhibits the convertibility of the lingui-dentals as follows : Greek. A e T Gothic. T D Th Old High German. z T D