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DUBOIS Picardy, and sent on a mission to England. On his return to Paris he acted as private secre- tary to the duke; and when on the death of Louis XIV. in 1715 the duke was invested with the regency, Dubois became a member of the council, and exerted a prominent influence on foreign affairs. He concluded in 1717, in concert with Lord Stanhope, the famous triple alliance of France, England, and Holland against Spain, subsequently made a quadruple alliance by the adhesion of Austria. After becoming minister of foreign affairs, he baffled the con- spiracy of the Spanish ambassador Cellamare, instigated by the Spanish prime minister Al- beroni, to make Philip V. of Spain regent of France in place of the duke of Orleans. A war with Spain ensued, which resulted in the fall of Alberoni and the submission of Philip to the stipulations of the quadruple alliance. Dubois was appointed archbishop of Cambrai, and eventually cardinal, prime minister, and member of the French academy. His admin- istration was marked by a certain degree of vigor, and he unquestionably had great ability ; but his life on the whole presents a hideous array of selfishness and shameless vices. When the operations of the Scotch financier Law brought the country to the verge of bankrupt- cy, and while the regent was spending his time in debauchery, Dubois availed himself of the opportunity to amass an immense private for- tune, derived from regular revenues, an English pension, and the benefits accruing from the six abbeys of which he was the incumbent, inde- pendent of the see of Cambrai. A record of his private life appeared in 1789, and his me- moirs in 1817. Those published in 1829 are not authentic. DUBOIS, Jean Antoine, a French missionary, born at St. Rem&ze, Languedoc, in 1765, died in Paris, Feb. 7, 1848. He spent 32 years in the East Indies, and on his return published " Letters on the State of Christianity in India " (London, 1823), which produced much contro- versy in England, because it expressed his dis- belief in the possibility of the conversion of the Hindoos. He wrote several remarkable works relating to the religion and the tradi- tions of India, and many contributions to the Bulletin des sciences, and to the journals of the Asiatic societies of London and Paris, of which he was a member. His most celebrated work, "Description of the Character, Manners, and Customs of the People of India, and of their Institutions, religious and civil," was published by the East India company in London in 1816, and an enlarged edition was published in French under the title of Moeurs, institutions et cere- monies des peuples de Vlnde (Paris, 1825). DU BOIS-REYMOND, Emll, a German physi- ologist, born in Berlin, Nov. 7, 1818. He stu- died under Johannes Muller, succeeded him in 1858 as professor of physiology in the univer- sity of Berlin, and became in 1867 perpetual secretary of the academy. He stands at the head of the German physiologists and of the DUBUFE 283 school of positive science, and counts many distinguished savants among his followers. He is an especial authority on animal electricity. His principal work is Untersuchungen ilber thierische Elelctricitat (2 vols., Berlin, 1848- '60). His Geddchtnissrede auf Johannes Muller (1860) contains an interesting summary of the recent progress in anatomy and physiology. Among his other works is Voltaire in seiner Beziehung zur Naturwissenschaft (1863). DUBOS, Jean Baptiste, a French critic and his- torian, born in Beauvais in December, 1670, died in Paris, March 23, 1742. The best known of his numerous works is his Histoire critique de Vetablissement de la monarchic francaise dam les Gaules (3 vols. 4to, Paris, 1734). The theory which he maintains in this work, that the occupation of Gaul by the Franks was a settlement and not a conquest, has been contested by Montesquieu and others. Of his Reflexions critique sur la poesie et la peinture (2 vols. 12mo, 1719; 6th ed., 1755), there is an English translation (London, 1748). DIIBOSARY, a town of southern Russia, in the government of Kherson, on the Dniester, 85 m. N. W. of Odessa ; pop. in 1867, 5,547. It has two churches and a synagogue. Its trade is largely in tobacco, raised in the vicinity. DUBOVKA, a town of southern Russia, in the government and 180 m. S. S. W. of the city of Saratov, on the Volga; pop. in 1867, 13,676. It carries on a brisk river trade in wood, grain, iron, oil, and some manufactures ; much of the produce of northern Russia intended for the southern provinces is shipped here. DUBS, Jakob, a Swiss statesman, born at Af- foltern, canton of Zurich, in 1822. He studied law at the universities of Bern, Heidelberg, and Zurich, and was elected in 1847 a mem- ber of the grand council, and subsequently held various offices in his native canton. He be- came in 1855 a member, and in 1857 presi- dent of the federal court. He was president of the confederation in 1864, and again in 1870, having served meanwhile in the federal council. He belongs to the liberal party, and is distin- guished for the reforms which he inaugurated in the administration of justice and in educa- tion. He has written Entwurf eines Straf- gesetzbuches fur den Canton Zurich (1855), Entwurf eines Gesetzes uber den Unterricht (1857), and Die schweizer Demokratie in Hirer FortentwicTcelung (1868). DUBUFEt I. Claude Marie, a French painter, born in Paris about 1790, died there, April 21, 1864. He studied with David, and for many years attempted historical paintings on a grand scale, which met with little favor. In 1827 he exhibited two sentimental pictures entitled "Souvenirs" and "Regrets," which, in spite of much hostile criticism, became very popular through the medium of engravings. After ex- ecuting several similar works, he turned his attention to portraits, by which he acquired reputation and fortune. He painted the like- nesses of many distinguished persons, inclu-