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DUFFERIN DUFRENOY 299 with five young men. The shade of the ban- ian was soon too narrow. The studies of the school were accompanied with the daily read- ing and exposition of the Scriptures. The val- ue of Mr. Duff's labors was very soon apparent both to the native population and their British rulers. His honesty, perseverance, and zeal, in connection with his varied gifts and talents, soon gave a commanding influence to him and the Scottish college which he had established, which ultimately became the largest institution of its kind in India. When intelligence of the disruption of the church of Scotland in 1843 reached Calcutta, Dr. Dun and his brethren at once and unanimously declared their ad- herence to the Free church, and vacated their institution, with all its valuable library and apparatus. Dr. Duff returned to Europe in 1851 to recruit his health ; but he entered on the revival of the missionary spirit among the British people, visiting the churches even in the remotest British isles. In 1854 he made a voyage to America, visited the principal cities in the northern and western states, and passed through Canada. In 1855 he re- turned to India, but finally left it in 1863 on account of ill health, and was made professor of evangelistic theology by the general assem- bly. An endowment of 10,000 had been raised for this professorship, but he refused to accept any salary, stipulating that the income should be given to the cause of missions. He has published " New Era for the English Lan- guage and Literature in India" (Edinburgh, 1837), "India and India Missions" (1839), and "Letters on the Indian Rebellion" (1858). DUFFERIN, Frederick Temple Hamilton Black- wood, earl of, an English statesman and author, son of the fourth Baron Dufferin and Helen Selina, granddaughter of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, born June 21, 1826. He was edu- cated at Eton, and at Christchurch, Oxford. He succeeded his father July 21, 1841, as fifth Baron Dufferin and Clandeboye, and was made baron of the United Kingdom in 1850. In 1860 he was sent by Lord Palmerston as British commissioner to Syria, to inquire into the massacre of Christians there. In October, 1862, he married Harriet Georgina Hamilton, who is distinguished as the author of "The Hon. Impulsia Gushington," a lively satire il- lustrated from her own drawings, describing the tour of a fashionable lady in Egypt. He was under secretary of state for India 1864-'6, and for war 1866-'7 ; wa made chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster in 1868 ; was created Viscount Clandeboye and earl of Dufferin in November, 1871 ; and was appointed governor general of the Dominion of Canada June 1, 1872. He is the author of " Letters from High Latitudes," a narrative of a yacht voyage to Iceland in 1859 (London, 18*60), a new and enlarged edition of which was published at Montreal in 1873. DUFFY, Sir Charles Gavan, an Irish politician, born in Ulster in 1816. He is the son of a farmer, became a journalist at the age of 18, and for several years edited a newspaper at Belfast. While thus engaged he studied law and was called to the bar, but never practised. In 1842 he established the " Nation " in Dub- lin, a publication strongly in the interest of O'Connell and the advocates of repeal of the union; and in 1844 he was imprisoned with O'Connell and the prominent repealers. In 1848 he was tried with Smith O'Brien, Thomas Francis Meagher, and others, for sedition, but was acquitted. He then revived the " Nation," which had been suspended, and advocated various social reforms for Ireland, and between 1852 and 1856 represented New Ross in par- liament. In the latter year he emigrated to Australia, where he has been a member of the colonial legislature, and of the ministry. In 1871 he became prime minister of the colo- ny, and in 1873 was knighted. He is the au- thor of "Ballad Poetry of Ireland." DUFOUR, Gnillanme Henri, a Swiss general, born in Constance, Sept. 15, 1787. He was edu- cated in Geneva and Paris, entered the French army, obtained a commission in 1809, served in the last campaigns of Napoleon, and distinguish- ed himself during the hundred days. When Ge- neva was restored to Switzerland, he became a citizen of the republic, and in 1831 was made chief of the staff of a corps destined to defend its neutrality. He was intrusted with the management of the military school at Thun, and with the survey of Switzerland. When the organization of the Sonderbund, and the apprehended intervention of foreign powers, seemed to threaten the existence of the con- federation in 1847, he was chosen commander- in- chief of the federal forces, and rapidly sup- pressed the civil war. In 1864 he was pres- ident of an international council in regard to the treatment of the wounded, which resulted in the convention of Aug. 22 between 12 Eu- ropean states. He is the author of De la for- tification permanente (1824), Geometric per- spective, &c. (1827), Memoires sur Vartillerie des anciens et sur celle du moyen age (1840), and Manuel de tactique (1842). DUFOUR, Leon, a French naturalist, born about 1782, died at St. Sever, Landes, in April, 1865. He studied medicine at Montpellier, and after taking part in the Spanish campaign of 1823 as army physician, he settled in St. Sever. Besides numerous articles scattered in periodi- cal publications, he wrote Relation de voyage dans les montagnes maudites (1821); Reclter- ches anatomiques et physiologiques sur les Tie- mipteres (4to, 1833) ; Essai sur quelques points de Vetat actuel de la physique et de la cJiimie (1853) ; Proprietes des vegetaux et leurs appli- cations a V alimentation, la medecine, la tein- ture, &c. (1861). DUFRMOY, Pierre irmand, a French geol ogist and mineralogist, born at Sevran, Seine- et-Oise, in 1792, died in Paris, March 20, 1857. His mother Adelaide (1765-1825) was a poet- ess of merit. His first essay appeared in