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310 DUMFRIESSHIRE DUMONT DUMFRIESSHIRE, a S. county of Scotland, bordering on England and Solway frith ; area, 1,098 sq. ra. ; pop. in 1871, 74,794. A large portion of its surface is mountainous, especial- ly in the N. and N. E. parts, where there are summits nearly 3,000 ft. above the sea. There are many lochs, the principal of which are Cas- tle loch of Lochmaben, and Loch Skene, 1,300 ft. above the sea, whose waters form the cas- cade called the Gray Mare's Tail. Three rivers, the Nith, the Annan, and the Esk, give their names to the three popular divisions of the county, Nithdale, Annandale, and Eskdale ; and besides these there are a few smaller streams. Limestone is found in considerable quantities, and there are mines of coal and lead, and some manufactures ; but agriculture, and especially the rearing of cattle, sheep, and pigs, are the principal occupations. The coun- ty was included by the Romans in the prov- ince .of Valentia. Capital, Dumfries. DUMICHEN, Johannes, a German Egyptologist, born at Wissholz, Silesia, Oct. 15, 1833. He studied at the university of Berlin, went several times to Egypt, and each time made valuable discoveries relating to the ancient history and language of that country. He returned to Egypt in 1871 with the archaeological expedi- tion sent out by the emperor of Germany. One of his remarkable discoveries is a history of the first foundation and successive restorations of the temple of Denderah, which he found in a se- cret passage, and of which he has given a trans- lation in his Bauurlcunde der Tempelanlage von Dendera (Leipsic, 1865). He has also pub- lished Historische Inschriften altagyptischer Denkmaler, in den Jahren 1863-'5 an Ort und Stelle gesammelt (1867-'70); Altagyptische Tempelinschriften (1867); Die Flotte einer dgyptischen Konigin aus dem 17. Jahrhun- dert tor unserer Zeitrechnung (1868) ; Der Fel- sentempel von Abu-Simbel (1869) ; and Photo- grapaische Resultate einer auf Befehl des Kai- sers von Deutschland nacfi Aegypten entsende- ten archaologischen Expedition, mit Erlau- terungen (Berlin, 1872). DUMMER, Jeremiah, an American scholar, born in Boston about 1680, died in Plaistow, England, May 19, 1739. He graduated at Har- vard college in 1699, where he was noted for the vigor and brilliancy of his genius. He studied theology, and after ward' spent several years at the university of Utrecht. Soon after his return to America he was sent to England as agent of Massachusetts, and rendered im- portant services. He was intimate with Bo- lingbroke, and adopted some of his views. He published theological and philosophical disqui- sitions in Latin while at Utrecht, and a " De- fence of the New England Charters" (London, 1728; reprinted, 1765). DUMONT, Pierre Etienne Louis, a Swiss scholar, born in Geneva, July 18, 1759, died in Milan, bept. 30, 1829. He was ordained a minister of the Protestant church of Geneva in 1781 and distinguished himself as a preacher, at the same time taking a warm interest on the lib- eral side in the political controversies of his native city. In consequence of the triumph of the aristocratic faction, he went in 1783 to St. Petersburg, where his father had formerly been court jeweller. Here he became pastor of the French Reformed church, and his elo- quence attracted much attention ; but after a residence of 18 months he went to London, and became in 1785 teacher of the second son of Lord Shelburne. Here he became ac- quainted with Romilly and Bentham, with the writings and ideas of the latter of whom he was so mucli impressed as to conceive the scheme of bringing them out in a French ver- sion. At the request of the Genevan exiles in London, Dumont in 1789 made a journey to Paris in company with M. Duroverai, ex-at- torney of the republic of Geneva. Their ob- ject was to attain through their countryman Necker support for the revolution already com- menced at Geneva, and an unrestricted resto- ration of Genevese liberty. He immediately entered into very close relations with Mirabeau, assisting him in the preparation of his speeches, writing his published letters to his constituents, and becoming joint editor with him of a journal called the Courrier de Provence. The pecuni- ary ill success of this publication, the abate- ment of Dumont's sanguine hopes of political regeneration, the character of Mirabeau him- self, and the attacks levelled at Duroverai and Dumont in journals and pamphlets, as be- ing his tools, determined Dumont to leave Paris in March, 1791 ; but he revisited it sev- eral times in that and the following year, finally accompanying Talleyrand's embassy to England, and remaining there. His Sou- venirs sur Nirabeau, written some ten years after, but which appeared posthumously, con- tains a very interesting account of his observa- tions and experiences in Paris. After his re- turn to England he devoted himself to draw- ing from the manuscripts and printed works of Bentham a lucid and popular view of that philosopher's system of jurisprudence. In 1802 he published in Paris the first instalment of his labors, Traites de legislation civile et pe- nale (3 vols. 8vo). The work attracted great attention throughout Europe; and in 1806, while Lord Henry Petty, Dumont's former pupil, was chancellor of the exchequer, the sinecure clerkship which he had long held was super- seded by a pension of 500. In 1811 he pub- lished at London another instalment, Theorie des peines et des recompenses (2 vols.), of which two editions appeared at Paris. In 1815 he published at Geneva Tactique des assemblies legislatives; in 1823 at Paris, Preuves judiciales (2 vols.) ; and in 1828, Or- ganisation judiciale et codification. All these treatises reappeared in a single collection edited by Dumont, and published at Brussels in 1828, shortly before his death. These works owed almost entirely to the dress in which Dumont clothed them the attention which