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DUMONT D'URVILLE they attracted, and the impression which they made ; and to his labors Bentham was indebted for his wide-spread reputation in Europe, into the principal languages of which, including the Russian, the Traites de legislation were trans- lated. When Geneva recovered her liberties in 1814, Dumont hastened thither. He car- ried with him a small fortune, married, and spent there most of the remainder of his life. He was chosen a member of the sovereign representative council, and did what he could to liberalize and improve the institutions of his native city. In 1817 he laid before the magistrates a draft of a penal code, borrowed principally from Bentham's manuscripts, and accompanied according to Bentham's system with a running commentary of reasons. This was referred to a commission, of which Du- mont was a member, and occasioned long and fruitless discussions. He was more successful in obtaining the establishment of a peniten- tiary on Bentham's panopticon plan. DUMONT D'URVILLE, Jnles Sebastien Cesar, a French navigator, born at Conde-sur-Noireau, May 23, 1790, died May 8, 1842. In 1819-'20 he visited the Grecian archipelago and the shores of the Black sea, collected a number of new plants, of which he published descriptions, and investigated the ruins of several ancient cities. In 1822 he accompanied Duperrey in his voyage round the world, and returned in 1825, bringing a rich collection of insects and plants. He went on a second expedition (1826-'9) as commander, and explored the Australian archipelago and the islands of New Zealand and Papua. He discovered several islands which Cook had not perceived, estab- lished the locality of the Loyalty isles, and brought home more than 4,000 sketches of scenery and natural history, 10,000 specimens of animals, and more than 6,000 species of plants. In 1837 he undertook, with the sloops of war Astrolabe and Z616e, his last voyage, to explore the antarctic regions, and circumnavi- gate the globe through the southern seas. On his return in 1840 he was made rear admiral, and went to Paris to superintend the publica- tion of the account of this voyage at the expense of the government. The second volume had been published when the author was killed, with his wife and son, in a railway disaster on the line of Paris and Versailles. The work was completed under the supervision of M. Vincen- don-Dumoulin, in 24 vols. 8vo, with 6 folio vols. of illustrations (Paris, 1841-'54). The depart- ments of zoology, botany, anthropology, ge- ology, &c., were treated by special writers at- tached to the expedition. DUMOURIEZ, Charles Francois, a French gen- eral, born in Cambrai, Jan. 25, 1739, died near Henley-upon-Thames, England, March 14, 1823. He served with distinction and was frequently wounded during the seven years' war, and afterward engaged in the war and intrigues which brought on the annexation of Corsica to France, and in the affairs of Poland pre- DttNA 311 vious to the first partition of that country. After the accession of Louis t XVI. he was put in command at Cherbourg, where im- portant improvements were accomplished un- der his direction. In 1787 he was appointed brigadier general. During the first years of the revolution he maintained friendly inter- course with the court, while gaining popu- larity with the revolutionists. A member of the club of Jacobins, he became in March, 1792, minister of foreign affairs in the cabinet formed by the Girondists. His counsels dis- pleased the king; he also disagreed with his colleagues, who were dismissed, and he him- self resigned. Assuming command of the French army on the N. E. frontier in August, 1792, he stopped by a series of brilliant opera- tions the advance of the Prussians, who were repulsed at Valmy, Sept. 20. He now crossed the frontier, routed the Austrians at Jemmapes, Nov. 6, took possession of Brussels, and with- in one month completed the conquest of Bel- gium. After a visit to Paris, during which he was denounced as secretly negotiating for the rescue of the king, he planned the conquest of Holland ; but having been defeated at Neer- winden, March 18, 1793, he plotted with the enemy the overthrow of the republic. The convention summoned him to appear at their bar, and on his refusal the minister of war, Beurnonville, and four commissioners were sent to arrest him. Dumouriez had them seized by some of his hussars and delivered to the Aus- trians ; but he had mistaken the sentiments of his own troops, and was obliged to fly. This he did in company with the young duke do Chartres, the future king Louis Philippe, the soldiers firing at them while they escaped. He was coldly received by the Austrians, and after wandering about the continent went to Eng- land, where, in consideration of some secret services, he received a pension of 1,200. He then published his Memoires and a series of pamphlets on the affairs of France. He is charged with having devised plans of military operations against the French, and given direc- tions in 1814 to the allied armies for the inva- sion of France. However this may be, he did not succeed in conciliating the favor of the Bourbons, and never returned to France. See La me et les memoires du general Dumouriez, by himself (3 vols. 8vo, Hamburg, 1794), trans- lated into German and English. DU1VA, or Southern Dwina, a river of Russia, rises in the small lake of Dvinetz, near the source of the Volga, in the government of Tver, flows about 600 m. with a very circuitous course, but with a general W. direction, sepa- rating the governments of Vitebsk and Livonia from Wilna and Courland, and discharges into the gulf of Riga near the town of the same name. The principal towns on its banks are Vitebsk, Polotzk, Dilnaburg, Jacobstadt, Frie- drichstadt, and Riga. Navigation is obstructed by rocks and shoals. In spring it is covered with numerous rafts of timber. The river is