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332 DtJSSELDOBF DUTCHESS Tie became a choir boy at the convent of Iglau, and there pursued the study of music. He afterward attended the university of Prague, receiving the degree of bachelor of philosophy, and commenced his professional life in Belgium as organist of the church of St. Rombaut at Mechlin. He resided also at Amsterdam and the Hague. In 1783 he went to Hamburg to consult Emanuel Bach, and receiving encour- agement from him he took up his temporary residence at Berlin, and there excited much at- tention by his pianoforte playing. He went in turn during three succeeding years to Paris, to Milan, and to London, where he married and became a music publisher. In this he failed, and to avoid his creditors fled to Hamburg. After various wanderings he at last about 1807 settled in Paris, where he became concert mas- ter to Prince Talleyrand. He published 76 compositions. Those among them which he regarded as the best are known by the opus numbers 9, 10, 14, and 35. As a pianist he achieved a great dis- tinction, and was among the first to make the piano popular at con- certs. The instruments of this class were in his day very weak and im- perfect, but by his broad style and great dexter- ity he overcame these parks, and the Hofgarten is one of the finest in Prussia. New and beautiful streets have been laid out within the last 25 years. The prominent public buildings are the former elec- toral palace, now the art academy, the town hall, the cabinet of antiquities and that of scien- tific instruments, the tribunals, the observatory, and the churches of St. Lambert and St. An- drew. Both churches contain monuments of the ancient sovereign princes of Dusseldorf. There are numerous charitable and literary as- sociations, an academy of commerce, a good theatre, and a library of 50,000 volumes. The celebrated picture gallery, established here in 1690, was transferred to Munich in 1805. The collection of 14,500 drawings by the old mas- ters, among which are several by Michel An- gelo, Raphael, Giulio Romano, Domenichino, and Titian, and of 24,000 engravings and casts, which formed part of the same gallery, still re- mains in Diisseldorf. Art has flourished here DUSSELDORF, a city of Rhenish Prussia, cap- ital of a district of the same name, at the con- fluence of the Diissel and the Rhine, 20 m. N. N. W. of Cologne ; pop. in 1871, 69,351. Area of the district, 2,112 sq. m. ; pop. 1,328,065. The city is a great focus of railway and steamboat com- munication, and much of the transit trade of the Rhine is carried on by its merchants. There are many carriage, tapestry, cotton, to- bacco, and mustard manufactories, tanneries, and dyeing establishments. In 1288 Diissel- dorf became a municipality. In modern times it has been successively under the dominion of Brandenburg and Neuburg, under French and Bavarian rule, and was for some time the capital of the duchy of Berg, until in 1815 it passed with the whole duchy under the sway of Prussia. It is divided into four sec- tions, the Altstadt, the Karlstadt, the Frie- drichstadt, and the Neustadt. The last was laid out by the elector palatine John William, whose statue adorns the market square and the palace yard. The Karlstadt derives its name from the elector Charles Theodore, its founder, who established in 1767 the academy of paint- ing. The town possesses many delightful Dusseldorf. more than in any other German town, espe- cially since 1822, when Frederick William III. renovated the building of the academy, and when Cornelius, Schadow, and other artists of genius founded the Dusseldorf school of paint- ers. The art union for Rhenish Prussia and Westphalia was founded here in 1828. The engravers' establishment of the royal academy of Schulgen-Bettendorf was removed from Bonn to Dusseldorf in 1837. In June, July, and August there is an exhibition of pictures by living artists. Besides the academy of painting, there is a school for painters and one for architects. A monument of Cornelius fof this city was designed in 1874. DUTCH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. See NETHERLANDS. DUTCHESS, a S. E. county of Xew York, bounded W. by the Hudson river, and E. by Connecticut; area, 816 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 74,041. The surface is uneven and in many