| 760 | ETHNOLOGY | ETHYLE |
or on the ancient continent of Lemuria. The chart traces the migrations of races from the last named region, as with a few small changes it can be made to answer all other hypotheses. Benfey, L. Geiger, and other students of the ancient Indo-European languages, have recently advanced the opinion that the original home of the Indo-European races must be sought in Europe, because their stock of words is rich in names of plants and animals, and contains names of seasons, that are not found in tropical countries or anywhere in Asia. But to establish where the Indo-European races were seated at any time, however remote, is not, as many believe, establishing the first home of the Semites, and much less of all mankind. The following table will show the relation which the most important living or historical races hold to each other, according to the more prevalent ethnological views:
|
ARYANS OR INDO-EUROPEANS.
I. Iranians. II. Indians. B. Græco-Romans. I. Old Thracians. a. Greeks. b. Albanese. II. Italo-Celts. a. Itali. 1. Latins. 2. Romans. b. Celts. 1. British. α. Gauls. β. Old Britons. 2. Gael. α. Irish. β. Old Scots.
II. Slavo-Germans.
I. Slavs. a. Southeastern Slavs. 1. Russian. 2. Southern Slavs. b. Western Slavs. 1. Czechs. 2. Poles. 3. Serbs. II. Baltics. a. Old Prussians. b. Letts. c. Lithuanians. B. Old Germans or Teutons. I. Goths. II. Scandinavians. III. Germans. a. Low Germans. 1. Frisians. 2. Saxons. α. Old Saxons. Netherlanders. Low Germans. β. Anglo-Saxons. b. High Germans. |
SEMITES.
I. Assyrians. II. Babylonians. III. Ancient Phœnicians. B. Ancient Egyptians. I. Copts or Modern Egyptians II. Ethiopians. a. Bedshas. b. Danakils. 1. Somauli. 2. Gallas. III. Libyans. a. Berbers (Amazirghs). 1. Tuariks. 2. Kabyles. α. Tunese. β. Algerians. 3. Shellooks. 4. Guanches.
II. Eusemites, or Semites proper.
I. Canaanites. a. Phœnicians. b. Jews (Hebrews). II. Arameans. a. Syrians. b. Chaldeans. B. Arabs or South Semites. I. South Arabs. a. Himyarites. b. Abyssinians. c. Amharas. 1. Harraras. 2. Tigri. II. Moors or Koranites. |
The prominent races are described in separate articles.—Another question of interest is to determine the period in which man made his first appearance upon earth. Modern geology and archæology have rendered valuable assistance toward its solution, and at the present stage of these sciences it seems most probable that the time of man's advent must be placed in the tertiary or in the beginning of the diluvial age. It is certain that human beings lived in central Europe as early as the latter period. (See Archæology, Bone Caves, Geology, and Lake Dwellings.) Concerning the prehistoric races too little is known for a satisfactory ethnological classification of them. Fergusson suggests in his recent work entitled “Rude Stone Monuments in all Countries” (London, 1872) an arrangement of these races into five groups, with subdivisions, according to the degree of art exhibited and the material employed in the construction of the primitive sepultures. They are designated accordingly as either tumulus, dolmen, circle, avenue, or menhir builders. The characteristics of these sepulchral remains are stated in the article Finds.—Besides the works already mentioned, the following are among the most important recent publications on the subject: Lyell, “The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man” (London, 1863); Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvölker (5 vols., Leipsic, 1860-'70, continued by Gerland); Hervey Saint-Denys, Collection ethnographique photographiée (Paris, 1864 et seq.); Carl Vogt, Vorlesungen über den Menschen, seine Stellung in der Schöpfung und in der Natur (2 vols., Giessen, 1864); Schleicher, Ueber die Bedeutung der Sprache für die Naturgeschichte des Menschen (Weimar, 1865); Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asiens (6 vols., Leipsic and Jena, 1866-'71), and Die Rechtsverhältnisse der verschiedenen Völker der Erde (Berlin, 1872); Lubbock, “Prehistoric Times” (London, 1867), and “The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man” (1870); Denison, “Antiquity of Man” (London, 1868); Haeckel, Ueber die Entstehung und den Stammbaum des Menschengeschlechts (Berlin, 1868); Friedrich Müller, Ethnographie: Reisen der Fregatte Novara, Anthropologischer Theil (Vienna, 1868), and Allgemeine Ethnographie (1873); Baldwin, “Prehistoric Nations” (New York, 1869); Mme. Clémence Royer, Origine de l'homme et des sociétés (Paris, 1870); Buchner, Die Stellung des Menschen in der Natur, in Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft (Leipsic, 1870); J. G. Wood, “The Natural History of Man” (London, 1870); Charles Darwin, “The Descent of Man” (2 vols., London, 1871); Edward B. Tylor, “Primitive Culture: Researches in the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Culture” (2 vols., London, 1871); Bray, “Manual of Anthropology” (London, 1871); and the periodicals, the London “Journal of Ethnology,” “Journal of the Anthropological Institute of New York,” and Bastian's Zeitschrift für Ethnologie (Berlin.)
ETHYLE (Gr. αἰθήρ, upper air, and ὕλη, material), the name given by Berzelius to what was then a hypothetical body, which he considered, and which has since been proved to be, the base of ether and alcohol; ether being the oxide and alcohol the hydrated oxide of ethyle. It was not isolated during his life, but in 1849
