766 ETRURIA ETTY ments of Etrurian architecture. The Cloaca Maxima at Rome, which is believed to be an Etruscan work, shows that they were ac- quainted with the use of the arch. The paint- ings display archaic outlines and an unreal or fantastical coloring. The painted vases usually termed Etruscan, which are found in large numbers in the tombs of Etruria, but also in Campania, Sicily, and Greece, were probably the work of Greek artisans. Authorities differ on the question whether the vases were im- ported into Etruria or made by Greek work- men settled there. The Etruscans showed great skill in the manufacture of pottery ; but the only kinds now assigned to them are the red ware of Arretium and the black ware of Clusium. The specimens of sculpture and carving in marble and wood discovered in the tombs, though very numerous, are not of a very superior order, and the ancient writers do not greatly admire the Etruscans in these arts. But the bronze statues of Etruria were very famous ; they filled the temples of Rome, and it is said that the city of Volsinii alone contained 2,000 of them. Some were very large and heavy; Pliny says that the Apollo on the Palatine was 50 ft. high, and as won- derful for its enormous weight as for its beauty. Their greatest fame rests, however, on the ar- tistic designs and skilful execution of decorative objects, as thrones, chariots of state, chande- liers, shields, shells, rings and other jewelry. Etruscan art was imitative rather than cre- ative, and bore at every period the marks of foreign influence, especially Egyptian, Baby- lonian, and Hellenic. Some Egyptologists are of opinion that the Takkara nation, mentioned on an inscription among the allies of the Libyans, at the invasion of Egypt during the reign of Rameses III., in the 13th century B. 0., were Etruscans, and had a considerable fleet. Other authorities maintain, however, that the Etruscans did not dwell in Italy till a much later period. About 540 B. C. the Etruscans fought jointly with the Carthagin- ians the first naval battle recorded in the his- tory of the western part of the Mediterranean, at Alalia, against the Phocseans, whom they defeated, gaining thereby possession of the island of Corsica. The subsequent treaties made by the Etruscans with the Carthaginians, reciprocally renouncing piracy in each other's waters, and prohibiting the establishment of colonies on each other's territories, have not been preserved, and Aristotle is the only an- cient historian who makes mention of them. The most flourishing period of the history of Etruria comprises some centuries before and after the foundation of Rome. Some believe that the Tarquins were Etruscans, but others hold that they were of Corinthian origin. It does not seem probable that the Etruscans ex- ercised a kind of dominion over their younger neighbor, as Miiller, Becker, and Schwegler suppose. According to Livy, whose narrative is now, however, considered legendary, Por- sena, king of Clusium, made war on Rome for the restoration of Tarquin the Proud, and com- pelled the Romans to a humiliating treaty. But scarcely had Rome gained peace from him when it commenced a protracted but eventual- ly successful war with another Etruscan enemy, Veii. The distraction of the confederacy by frequent successful and devastating incursions of the Syracusans, by attacks of the Samnites upon its Campanian dependencies, the inroads of the Gauls under Brennus, and the two battles fought near the Vadimonian lake by Quintus Fabius (310) and Publius Cornelius Dolabella (283), finally broke the power of Etruria. The social relation to Rome, into which it entered in 280 B. C., was changed after the social war (90), in reward for its fidelity, into Roman citizen- ship. Soon afterward Etruria suffered greatly from the revenge taken by Sulla on the partisans of Marius in its cities. "Whole districts were given as confiscated estates to the veterans of the dictator, who afterward became the accom- plices of Catiline (63-62). Octavianus, too, had his military colonies in Etruria. Among the numerous writers who have treated of the antiquities of Etruria, the most instructive are Lanzi,, Inghirami, Niebuhr, Ottfried Muller, I Hey, Wachsmuth, Hormayr, Steub, Dorow,
- Micali, Abeken, Secki, Lepsius, Gerhardt, Den-
J nis, Mrs. Gray, Bunsen, Rossignol, Witte, Winck- I elmann, and Noel des Vergers (L'Etrurie et i les fitrmques, 3 vols., Paris, 1864). In addition to the authorities mentioned in connection with the theories on the Etruscan language, see Dempster, De Etruria Regali (Florence, 1723- '4) ; Gori, Difesa deW alfabeto degli antichi Tos- cani (Florence, 1742) ; Amaduzzi, Alphabetum Veterum Etruscorum (Rome, 1775); Vermiglio- li, Saggio di congetture, &c. (1824); Kollar, Staroitalia slayjanska (Vienna, 1853); Momm- sen, Nord-EtrusHscJie Alplidbete ; Crawford, " Etruscan Inscriptions " (London, 1873) ; Uhden, Creuzer, Gesenius, Curtius, Heath, Du- reau de la Malle, Beule, Levy, Barges, Renan, and Dr. Frick, in archasological and philological periodicals. The history of modern Etruria, a kingdom created by Napoleon in 1801, and given to Louis, crown prince of Parma, ruled after his death by his widow Maria Louisa of Spain as regent, and in 1807 annexed to France as a province, belongs to that of Tuscany (a name derived from the Roman Tuscia). ETTLIMEN, a town of Baden, Germany, at the entrance of the valley of the Alb, 5 m. S. of Carlsruhe ; pop. in 1871, 5,092. It has be- longed to Baden since 1234, previous to which it was a free city. The town is noted for the large number of interesting Roman antiquities which have been found near it. ETTY, William, an English painter, born in York, March 10, 1787, died there, Nov. 13, 1849. He was the son of a baker, and at the age of 12 was apprenticed to a printer at Hull, with whom he remained seven years- He studied at the royal academy and as a private pupil of Sir Thomas Lawrence, but was long
