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FAVRE FAWKES 99 demning the warlike preparations against Prus- sia, which ended in the declaration of war on July 19. But from the moment he saw the country irretrievably committed to the contest, he accepted the situation and insisted upon im- mediately arming the national guard. In the session of the corps legislatif held the day after the surrender of Sedan, Favre denounced Napoleon and his regime as responsible for the national disasters, and the next day (Sept. 4) urged his deposition and that of his dynasty, and proposed the appointment of an executive committee for resisting to the last the invasion of French territory. The republic being pro- claimed, he became vice president of the pro- visional government of national defence, and minister of foreign affairs. In his diplomatic circular he declared that France would not cede an inch of her soil nor a stone of her fortresses, and held Prussia responsible for the continuation of the war, since the ruler who had begun it was supplanted by a new gov- ernment which had nothing to do with the opening of hostilities. He met Bismarck at the castle of Ferrieres, Sept. 19, and under- took to pay any amount of indemnity, but re- jected any cession of territory as humiliating and dishonorable. The conditions imposed by Bismarck in a subsequent interview for an ar- mistice pending the elections were not accept- ed. A state paper issued by Favre on the sub- ject of these negotiations led to a counter- statement from Bismarck, Sept. 27, and the war went on. In October, after Gambetta's departure for Tours, Favre became ad interim minister of the interior, and attempted to put down the seditious movements in the besieged capital. On Oct. 31 he shared the captivity of Gen. Trochu in the invasion of the hotel de ville. After the conclusion of a three weeks' truce with the Germans on Jan. 28, he in- sisted upon respecting it, and Gambetta's con- trary decrees were declared null and void. Favre continued to be minister of foreign affairs after the election of Thiers as pro- visional president in February, 1871, and he went to Frankfort with the minister of finance, Pouyer-Quertier, to sign with Bismarck the definitive treaty of peace (May 10). He re- signed his post at the end of July, the osten- sible cause being his disagreement with Thiers and the majority of the assembly in regard to the petitions in favor of the restoration of the temporal power of the pope ; but the in- creasing influence of the conservative party had rendered his position untenable for some time, although his personal relations with Thiers never ceased to be cordial. His reputed wife had died June 12, 1870; and one Laluye hav- ing asserted that she had been only his mis- Favre prosecuted him and others for defamation, and though Laluye was fined and imprisoned for one year, the mortifying pub- licity given to the affair confirmed him in his desire to withdraw from politics for a time, and devote himself exclusively to the law. He has published Rome et la republiqu^ franpaise (Paris, 1871), and Le gouvernement du 4 sep- tembre (2 vols., 187l-'2), which have been trans- lated into English. FAWCETT, Henry, an English political writer and statesman, born in Salisbury in 1833. He graduated at Trinity hall, Cambridge, in 1856, and was elected a fellow in the same year. In 1857 he unsuccessfully contested Southwark, on liberal principles, for parliament. In Septem- ber, 1858, while out shooting, he met with an accident by which he lost the sight of both eyes ; but he nevertheless became an extensive con- tributor to the reviews of articles on political science and economy, and has published sev- eral works, among which are " A Manual of Po- litical Economy " (1863) and " The Economic Position of the British Laborer" (1866). He contested the borough of Cambridge unsuccess- fully in 1862, and in 1863 was elected professor of political economy in the university of Cam- bridge. In 1864 he ran for Brighton, and was again defeated, but was returned for that place in 1865, and reflected in 1868. In parliament he has distinguished himself as an advocate of republican principles, in conjunction with Sir Charles Dilke and Auberon Herbert. In 1869 he published a revised edition of his "Manual of Political Economy," with two new chapters on " National Education " and " The Poor Laws and their Influence on Pauperism," and in 1871 a work entitled "Pauperism, its Causes and Remedies." A collection of his "Speeches" was published in 1873. Prof. Fawcett was married, April 23, 1867, to Milli- cent Garrett, who published in 1870 a " Political Economy for Beginners ;" and in 1872 appeared a joint work entitled "Essays and Lectures, by Henry and MiUicent Garrett Fawcett." FAWKES, Guy, an English conspirator, born in Yorkshire, executed in London, Jan. 30, 1606. He was a soldier of fortune in the Span- ish army in the Netherlands, when in 1604 the scheme of blowing up the parliament house, with the king, lords, and commons, was con- ceived by Robert Catesby, in revenge for the penal laws against Roman Catholics. Fawkes was admitted into the conspiracy, and return- ed to England in May of that year. Thomas Percy, one of the confederates, rented a house adjoining that in which parliament was to as- semble, of which Fawkes, who was unknown in London, took possession as his servant, un- der the assumed name of Johnson. Parliament was soon after adjourned till Feb. 7, 1605, and on Dec. 11 preceding the conspirators met in the hired house of Percy, and began to exca- vate a mine. Seven men were thus occupied until Christmas eve, never appearing in the upper part of the house, while Fawkes kept constant watch above. Parliament was again prorogued from Feb. 7 to Oct. 3, and the con- spirators therefore dispersed for a time, but completed their arrangements between Feb- ruary and May. They hired a vault imme- diately below the house of lords, which had