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machines and chemicals have been established. The suburb of Sachsenhausen, on the left bank of the Main, and united to Frankfort by a fine stone bridge, is an important market for fruits and vegetables. Leipsic has taken from Frankfort the supremacy which it once possessed in the book trade, but there are 40 booksellers in the city, and several important publishing and engraving establishments. There are about 20 daily and periodical publications. Seven railways proceed from Frankfort, two only for a short distance. The trade on the Main was in 1870 carried on by 728 vessels.—Frankfort is mentioned in 794, under the name of Palatium Franconenford, as the place selected by Charlemagne for the seat of an imperial convention and religious council. The independence of the city dates to some extent from the 13th century. Many privileges were conferred upon it in the next century, and it acquired still greater importance by the elections and subsequently by the coronations of the German emperors which took place here. Frankfort was captured by the French in 1759, 1792, and 1796. In 1806 it became the residence of the prince-primate of the confederation of the Rhine, and in 1810, under the same, the capital of a grand duchy, with an area of about 2,000 sq. m., and a population of 300,000. In 1815 it was recognized as one of the free cities of Germany, and in 1816 as the seat of the Germanic diet. From 1848 to 1866 it was governed by a senate of 21 members elected for life, who annually chose a senior and a junior burgomaster, and a legislative assembly of 88 members, elected from all classes and religious denominations. The financial affairs were mainly controlled by a standing committee of 51 citizens, who were elected for life. Changes in the constitution could not be made without the consent of the whole body of citizens. The city had together with the other three free cities the 17th vote in the narrower council of the diet, and was entitled to a full vote in the plenum. On April 3, 1833, the city was the theatre of a political outbreak, for which many students were arrested. In 1836 it joined the Zollverein. In 1848 and 1849 it derived political importance from the German parliament held there. A riot broke out during the excitement about the Schleswig-Holstein war (Sept. 18, 1848), in which the Prussian major general Auerswald and Prince Felix Lichnowsky were killed by the mob. In the German war of 1866 Frankfort sided with Austria, and was on that account annexed to Prussia. On May 10, 1871, a treaty of peace between Germany and France was concluded here.
FRANKFORT-ON-THE-ODER, a city of Brandenburg, Prussia, capital of a district of the same name, on the left bank of the river Oder, 45 m. E. S. E. of Berlin; pop. in 1871, 43,211. The prosperity of the town, is due to its situation on the railway between Berlin and Breslau, to its navigable river, which is connected by canals with the Vistula and the Elbe, and to its three annual fairs, at which large quantities of cotton, woollen, silk, and other goods are sold, though to a less extent than formerly. The city has three suburbs, fine streets, public squares, and gardens, a theatre, many charitable institutions, a Roman Catholic church, a synagogue, and several Protestant churches. The university was removed to Breslau in 1810; a gymnasium still remains. Beyond the wooden bridge which connects the old town on the left bank of the Oder with the suburb on the right bank is a monument to Prince Leopold of Brunswick, who was drowned here in 1785, while attempting to rescue a family during an inundation. The battle of Kunersdorf was fought within 3 m. of the town in 1759, and there is in Frankfort a monument of the poet Kleist, who died from a wound received in this battle.
FRANKINCENSE, a designation of resinous substances which when burned give out an agreeable odor, and are used in the ceremonies of the Roman Catholic church. The common frankincense of commerce, also called gum thus, is an exudation of the Norway spruce (abies excelsa). The turpentine from our southern pine forests, also called white turpentine, when old and hard, is often sold as a substitute for the European.
Olibanum (Boswellia serrata).
—The true frankincense of the ancients is the fragrant gum resin known in medicine as olibanum, the product of the tree Boswellia serrata, which grows among the mountains of central India and upon the Coromandel coast. It is imported from Calcutta in the form of roundish lumps or tears, which have a pale yellow color, are somewhat translucent, and are covered with a whitish powder produced by friction. It has an agreeable balsamic odor, but its taste is acid and bitter; it softens when chewed, adheres to the teeth, and whitens the saliva. It readily inflames, and imparts in burning a fragrant odor. This is the property which rendered it so highly
