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520 FUENTERRABIA FUGITIVE was particularly to determine what coals were best adapted for steam navigation ; and the points of special attention were essentially the same as those to which the attention of the commission afterward appointed by the British government was directed, viz. : 1, the capacity of the coals for raising steam quickly; 2, for raising it abundantly for the quantity con- sumed ; 3, freedom from dense smoke in its combustion ; 4, freedom from tendency to crumble in handling; 5, capacity, by reason of its density, of close stowage ; and 6, free- dom from sulphur. The names and the exact localities of the particular kinds of coal which were employed in these experiments are now in most instances lost ; but their composition being preserved in the records of their analyses, the principles established are readily applied to other coals of similar composition. For fur- ther information relating to the subject of fuel, see ANTHRACITE, CHARCOAL, COAL, COKE, GAS, PEAT, and WOOD. FUENTERRABIA, or Fontarabia, a city and port of Spain, in the Basque province of Guipuzcoa, at the mouth of the Bidassoa, on the French frontier; pop. about 3,000. It was formerly well fortified, but the French dismantled it in 1794. It has some manufactures of hempen shoes, linen, cloth, marine stores, and earthen- ware. It has sustained several sieges, and was the scene of a victory over the Carlists by the auxiliary British legion under Gen. Evans in 1837. During the peninsular war, the Fuenter- rabians were reproached with singularly inhos- pitable treatment of disabled British troops. Milton celebrated it in connection with the rout of Roncesvalles. FUEROS (from Lat. forum, a law court), a term applied in Spanish law to customs, codes, charters, and grants, and to courts and their jurisdiction. The Fuero Juzgo, or Forum Ju- dicum, is a collection of Visigoth laws, which St. Ferdinand sent to Cordova in 1241, to be observed there as the law of the territory which he had rescued from the Moors. The first printed edition of it is of 1600 ; the best is that of the academy, in Latin and Span- ish (1 vol., Madrid, 1815). The fueros or con- stitutional privileges of the Basque provinces, Guipuzcoa, Alava, Biscay, and Upper Navarre, place them outside of the ordinary administra- tion of the kingdom. Their government is es- sentially republican, the executive having only the power of nominating the corregidor or chief magistrate, whose nomination has to be con- firmed by the junta of the province, a legisla- tive body elected by almost universal suffrage. The inhabitants of these provinces are ex- empt from all taxes and imposts, except such as they vote themselves, and claim by virtue of their birth the privileges of Spanish nobility. From the remotest antiquity they have main- tained their rights against all the dynasties of Spain. In the 13th century the fueros were embodied in a written code, which was en- larged and reconfirmed in the reign of the em- peror Charles V. The fueros, suppressed in 1812, were recovered after two insurrections, in the last of which, from 1821 to 1823, the Basques maintained their cause till the French intervention took place. Deprived of them again by Isabella in 1833, they fought for their recovery under Don Carlos till 1839, when the queen, and in 1844 the cortes, guaranteed their enjoyment. (See BASQUES.) FUERTE, or Villa del Fnerte, a town of Mex- ico, in the state of Sinaloa, on the Fuerte riv- er, about 60 m. from the gulf of California, and 150 m. S. S. E. of Guaymas ; pop. about 5,000. It is situated in a delightful plain, and possesses many handsome houses. It is chiefly important as a depot of the transit trade be- tween Guaymas and the interior. The Rio del Fuerte rises in the Sierra Madre toward the W. confines of Chihuahua, and after flowing about 200 m. in a generally S. W. direction, empties into the gulf of California. FUGGER, the name of a German princely family, whose founder was JOHANNES, a weaver in Graben, near Augsburg, in the first half of the 14th century, who acquired a large property in lands by commerce in cloths. His son, of the same name, continued the occupation of weaver and cloth merchant, and obtained by marriage the right of citizenship in Augsburg. ANDREAS, eldest son of the latter, was known as " Fugger the Rich." The nephews of the last, ULRICH, GEORG, and JAKOB, born about the middle of the 15th century, covered the Baltic with their commerce, which extended also to Hungary, Italy, and even to India, in- fluenced the affairs of the empire by lending money to the princes, married into the most illustrious families, and were ennobled by the emperor Maximilian I. They built in Tyrol the splendid castle of Fuggerau, embellished the city of Augsburg, and found a new source of wealth by working the mines of the Inn valley. The only heirs of these three brothers were the two sons of Georg, RAIMUND (1489- 1535) and ANTON (1493-1560). The emperor Charles V. resorted to them both when pressed for money, yielded to them the privilege of coining, made them counts and princes of the empire, and was lodged in the splendid mansion of Anton when he attended the diet of Augs- burg. They established at Augsburg a cabi- net of antiquities, a gallery of paintings, and a botanical garden, built the church of Saint Maurice, paid 3,000 crowns to Titian for a few paintings, and collected the two largest libra- ries that had yet been seen in Germany. Their name was given to a street in Madrid, and " as rich as a Fugger " became a proverb. Upon the death of these two brothers the family divided into numerous lines, and its most im- portant branches at present are the princely houses of Fugger-Kirchberg and Fugger-Ba- benhausen. FUGITIVE (Lat. fugire, to flee), literally, one who flees away. Under this head might be considered two classes of cases : 1, that of