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648 GAUL W. and K by the sea, E. by the Ehine, S. E. by the Alps, and S. by the Mediterranean and the Pyrenees, thus comprising not only the whole of modern France and Belgium, but also parts of Switzerland, Germany, and Holland. Upon its southern coast Phoenicians, Rhodians, and PhocaBans had at various remote periods planted colonies and introduced some rudiments of civilization, the arts of writing, mining, and working metals, and the olive and vine. The Romans first entered this portion of Gaul at its S. E. angle. In 166 B. C. the Maritime Alps were first crossed by Roman legions, who de- feated the tribes of the w r estern slopes. In 154 they defended Massilia (Marseilles), a col- ony of Phoca3a, and herself the mother of nu- merous colonies, against the Ligurians. Twenty years later they fought against the Salyes, a Celto-Ligurian tribe. Soon afterward they founded Aquse Sextke (Aix), and subdued the Allobroges, who lived between the Rhone (Rhodanus) and the Isere (Isara), and were as- sisted by the Arverni (121). This new course of Roman conquests was interrupted by the great Cimbro-Teutonic movement (see CIMBEI), but the two victories of Marius at Aquaa Sex- ti (102) and on the Raudian fields (101), over the Teutons and Cimbri, saved both the Trans- alpine and Cisalpine possessions of Rome. The former, eventually extending from the Alps to the Pyrenees, and embracing the modern provinces of Dauphiny, Languedoc, Provence (from the Roman Provincia), Roussillon, and Nice, were called Gallia Braccata or Comata, from the wide trousers (braccce) or the long hair (coma) of the inhabitants. The internal development of the main parts of Transal- pine Gaul, during the times when the Cisal- pine country was successively Gallicized and Romanized, cannot be traced in historical rec- ords. When the Romans, in the last period of their republic, finally entered the northwest, they found the country occupied by various tribes, ruled by nobles, priests, and chiefs or kings. Cassar, the conqueror of the people and historian of their last struggles for independence, comprehends all of them under the general name of Gauls, dividing them into three large grotps : Belgians, in the northeast, between the Rhine, Seine (Sequana), and Marne (Matrona) ; Celts, or Gauls proper, in the centre and west, be- tween the Seine, Marne, and Garonne (Garum- na) ; and Aquitanians, in the southwest, be- tween the Garonne and the Pyrenees. In the first of these groups Kymric and Belgic ele- ments seem to have prevailed, in the second Gaelic, in the third Iberic and other non- Celtic elements, though the divisions of CaBsar do not fully coincide with the lines of distinc- tion drawn by modern ethnologists. Among the more important tribes were the Batavi, near the mouths of the Rhine ; the Nervii, in the southwest of modern Belgium ; the Eburones, about Liege ; the Ambiani, about Amiens ; the Morini, " the remotest of men," about Boulogne ; the Atrebates, in Artois ; the Bel- lovaci, about Beauvais ; the Suessiones, about Soissons; the Parisii, about Paris (Lutetia); the Remi, in Champagne (Rheims) ; the Tre- veri, about Treves ; the Teutonic Tribocci, Ubii, and Nemetes, on the Rhine ; the Eburo- vices, about Evreux ; the Cenomani, in Maine; the Armorican Nannetes (Nantes), Veneti (Vannes), and Redones (Rennes), the chief representatives of the Kymric race, in Britta- ny ; the Turones, in Touraine ; the Andes or An- degavi, in Anjou ; the Carnutes, about Chartres and Orleans; the Lingones, about Langres; the Senones, about Sens (Agendicum) ; the Lemo- vices, in Limousin ; the Santones, in Saintonge ; the Pictones, in Poitou; the Arverni, in Au- vergne ; the Helvii, in Vivarais ; the Gabali, in Gevaudan ; the ^Edui, in the region of Autun (Bibracte) ; the Mandubii, about Alise Ste. Reine (see ALESIA) ; the Insubres, in Lyonnais ; the Bituriges, in earlier times a leading tribe, about Bourges (Avaricum) ; the Sequani, about Besancon (Vesontio) ; the Helvetii, in Switzer- land ; the Bituriges Vivisci, about Bordeaux (Burdigala) ; and the Tarbelli, in Beam. At the time of Caesar's invasion, the Gauls had towns, and used the art of fortification with success; they had long known the arts of em- broidering and working metals, and were re- garded as the inventors of various implements of husbandry; the Armoricans possessed a navy ; the Gallic country was reputed to be the richest in Europe. But their manners were rude, their speech was rough, milk and swine's flesh were the principal aliments, their villages were disfigured with inhuman trophies, the treatment of captive or slain enemies was barbarous, bloody fights and duels were cus- tomary, hounds were used in war, polygamy was not prohibited, and females were little more than slaves ; the polytheism which pre- vailed among the common people, especially among the Gael, was coarse, and human vic- tims were sacrificed to the gods. (See DKIJIDS, and BAED.) The remains commemorative of Gallic culture are extremely scanty. The de- tails of Cassar's conquest of Gaul may be read in his " Commentaries." Its chief events are the defeat of the Helvetians near Bibracte, and the expedition against the Suevi under Ariovistus, undertaken on the call of the j3Mui, in 58 ; the conquest of Belgic Gaul, in 5V ; the invasion of Armorica or Brittany by land and sea, the submission of Aquitania, and the reduction of the wild tribes on the N. W. coast, in 56 ; the sudden and successful at- tacks of the Eburones under Ambiorix, and their annihilation, in 54 and 53 ; the great rising of central Gaul under Vercingetorix, the double blockade at Alesia, and the fall of Avaricum, the last stronghold of the natives, in 52. The loss of the Gauls in these strug- gles, in which genius and discipline conquered unbridled and tumultuous valor, was little less than a million men. The whole Transalpine country was divided by Augustus into four provinces: Gallia Narbonensis (Narbonne),