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650 GAVARNI GAVIAL at the same time was a contributor to the Re- vue de Paris, the Musee des families, and other publications. He also wrote numerous novels, poems, and books of travel. The most cele- brated of his novels are Mademoiselle de Mau- pin (1835), Fortunio (1838), Les roues inno- cents and Militona (1847), Le capitaine Fra- casse (1863), La peau de tigre (1865), Spirite (1866), and Menagerie intime (1869). Besides the poems already mentioned, he^published La comedie de la mort (1838) and Emaux et ca- mees (1852). Among his books of travel are Tralos Monies (1843), Zigzags (1845), and Con- stantinople (1854). He made three visits to Russia by the invitation of the emperor Alex- ander II., and prepared, in collaboration with M. Richebourg, Tresors 3} art de la Russie an- cienne et moderne, published under the auspices of the Russian government (fol., with photo- graphs, 1860-'63). He wrote the librettos for the ballets Giselle (1841), La Peri (1843), Gem- ma (1854), and Sacountdla (1 858). His connec- tion with the Presse as dramatic and art critic continued for 20 years, and at its end he be- came (1856) literary editor of the Moniteur Universel, and in 1869 of the Journal Officiel. His best critical articles were collected and published in 1859 under the title Histoire de Vart dramatique en France depuis mngt-cinq ans (6 vols). He received a pension in 1863, but was repeatedly refused admission to the academy. See Theophile Gautier, souvenirs intimes, by Ernest Feydeau (Paris, 1874). GAV ARM, the pseudonyme of SULPICE GUIL- LAUME PAUL CHEVALIER, a French caricaturist, born in Paris in 1801, died at Auteuil, Nov. 23, 1866. He was employed by an engineer as draftsman at Tarbes, and borrowing a name from the village of Gavarnie in that region, subscribed it to sketches of the costumes and scenery of the Pyrenees. These brought him into notice, and he began the publication of the designs which made him celebrated. He first represented various types of eccentric life in Paris, and afterward attempted with equal suc- cess scenes of domestic life. Some of his series in the latter style were entitled Les enfants ter- ribles, Les fourleries de femmes, Les mar is venges, Les nuances de sentiment, &c. Among the books which he illustrated were the Juif errant of Sue and the Liable a Paris of Balzac. His (Euvres choisies, with letterpress by Jules Janin, Theophile Gautier, Balzac, and others, were published in 1845 (4 vols.). Two vol- umes more appeared in 1850, under the name of Perles et parures. In 1869 was published Manieres de WIT et f aeons de parler : receuil desecritsde Gavarni, edited by Charles Yriarte; and in 1873 a Catalogue des lithographies de Gavarni, and Gavarni, a biography, by Ed- mond and Jules de Goncourt. GAVAZZI, Alessandro, an Italian preacher and political agitator, born in Bologna in 1809. He joined the order of the Barnabites in 1825, and afterward officiated as professor of rhetoric at Naples. He was in Rome at the outbreak of the revolution in Lombardy in 1848, delivered in the Pantheon a funeral oration on those who had fallen in that struggle, and made passion- ate appeals in behalf of the independence of Italy. The pope appointed him almoner of the Roman legion which was despatched to Vicen- za, and he was called by the people the Pietro Eremita, or Peter the Hermit, of the national crusade. In Venice he addressed immense crowds in St. Mark's place, and thus gained means for furthering the movement. Pius IX., however, alarmed at the spread of the revolu- tion, recalled his troops to Rome. Gavazzi repaired to Florence, and, after his expulsion from that city, to Genoa ; but he was recalled to Bologna, where he was received with great enthusiasm by the people who had risen against the papal government. He was appointed by the republican government chaplain in chief of the army, and after the French occupation of Rome (July, 1849) he found an asylum in Eng- land, and subsequently lectured in Great Brit- ain, the United States, and Canada, against the church and government of Rome. In 1851 he published in London his u Life, Sermons, and Lessons." He afterward returned to Italy, and in 1860 accompanied the expedition of Garibaldi to Sicily. In 1870 he again visited Great Britain, and in 1873 he solicited funds in the United States for the maintenance of Protestant churches in Italy. GAVELKIND, a tenure in England by which the estate descends, not to the eldest son, as by common law, but to all the sons, or if there be no sons, to all the brothers. The word is said by some persons to be derived from the English words " given to all the kindred ;" but other derivations are suggested. It prevails throughout the English county of Kent, but is seldom met with in other counties. The best authorities, including Selden, believe that this was the general custom of England before the Norman conquest. GAYIAL, or Garrhial, a crocodilian reptile of Asia and Africa, of the genus gamalis (Geof- froy), characterized by its very long, straight, and narrow jaws, somewhat enlarged at the extremity. The number of teeth is greater than in other crocodilians, being 100 to 120 in all, from 50 to 60 in each jaw ; the upper man- dible is not pierced for the passage of the lower teeth, but has two grooves in each side for the reception of the first and fourth under teeth, the anterior being deep and in the front of the . jaw ; the five or six anterior pairs, both above and below, are larger than the rest of the teeth, the largest being the first, third, and fourth above, and the first, second, and fourth below, and all are of a conical form, slightly depressed from before backward. The division of the lower jaw into two branches begins about the 22d tooth of the series of 26. The bony open- ing of the nasal fosses is triangular, and this is closed in the males by a large oval cartilaginous sac, whose cavity is supposed to serve as a res- ervoir of air when the animal plunges under