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152 LANGUEDOC vash ; 3, Nogai and Kumuk ; 4, Tchagata, Uigur, and Turkraene ; 5, Kirghiz, d. Mongolic : 1, eastern lan- guage; 2, western language (Kalmuck); 3, northern language (Buriat). e. Tungusic: 1, Mantchu; 2, La- mut; 3, Tchapogir. 2. Japanese. 3. Corean. 4. Monosyllabic languages (so named for convenience). a. Thibetic and Himalayan languages, b. Burmese, Eakhaing, and the Lohita languages, c. Siamese, Khamti, Khassia, and the language of the Miao-tse. d. Anamese. 6. Chinese : 1, Kwanhoa (dialect of Pe- king and Nanking) ; 2, Fukian ; 3, Kwangtung (Punti and Hakka dialects). /. Isolated languages: Indo- Chinese languages, Talaing, and the languages of the Khamen, Tsiampa, and Kwanto. VIII. Language of the Arctics. 1. Yukagir. 2. Koriak, Tchuktchi. 3. Languages of Kamtchatka and of the Kurile islands (Aino). 4. Languages of the Yenisei- Ostiaks and Kotts. 5. Language of the Esquimaux. 6. Language of the Aleutians. IX. American languages. 1. Kenai languages. 2. Atha- bascan languages, a. Qualihoqua, Tlatskanai, Ump- qua, and Hoopa. 6. Language of the Apaches, Nava- jos, Lipans, &c. 3. Algonquin languages: Cree, Ot- tawa, Ojibway, Micmac, and Mohegan. 4. Iroquois languages: Onondaga, Seneca, Oneida, Cayuga, and Tuscarora. 5. Dakota language. 6. Pani. 7. Appala- chee languages: Natchez, Muscogee, Choctaw, and Cherokee. 8. Languages on the N. W. coast : Kolo- shes and Nootka. 9. Oregon languages : Atna, Se- lish, Chinook, Calapooya, Wallawalla, and Sahaptin. 10. Californian languages: Cochimi and Pericu. 11. Yuma languages. 12. Isolated languages of Sonora and Texas: language of the Pueblos. 18. Isolated languages of Mexican aborigines. 14. Aztec lan- guages: Mexican (Nahuatl) and Sonoma languages. 15. Maya languages: Maya and Huasteca. 16. Iso- lated languages of Central America and the Antilles. IT. Caribbean languages: Caribbean and Arrawakan. 18. Tupi languages : Tupi and Guaraui. 19. Isolated languages of the Andes. 20. Araucanian. 21. Guay- curu-Abiponian. 22. Puelche. 23. Tchuelhetic. 24. Pesharah. 25. Chibcha. 26. Quichua languages: Quichua and Aymara. X. Dravidian languages. 1. Munda languages : language of the Kol, Ho, Santals, &c. 2. Dravida languages: Tamil, Telugu, Tulu, Canarese, Malayalam, &c. 8. Cingalese (Elu). XI. Nubian languages. 1. Foolah languages: Futatoro, Foota-Jallon, Masena, Borgoo, and Sackatoo. 2. Nu- ba languages : Nubi, Dongolavi, Tumale, Koldagi, and Konjara. XII. Languages of the Mediterranean races. I.Basque. 2. Caucasian languages, a. Lesghian, Avar, Kasiku- muk. 6. Circassian, Abkhasian. c. Kistie (Tush). d. Georgian, Lazish, Mingrelian, and Suanian. 3. Se- mitic languages, a. Hamitic languages : 1, Libyan group (Ta-Masheq) ; 2, Ethiopic group (Bedsha, So- mauli, Dankali, Galla); 3, Egyptian group (ancient and modern Egyptian or Coptic). 6. Semitic lan- fuages : 1, northern group Chaldee, Syriac, Hebrew, amaritan, Phoenician; 2, southern group Ethiopic, Tigre, Amharic, Himyaritic, Arabic. 4. Aryan or Indo-European languages, a. Indian group: 1, old Indie (Sanskrit), Pali, Prakrit; 2, modern Indian lan- guagesBengali, Assami, Oriya, Nepaulese, Cashme- rian, Sindhi, Punjaubi, Hindustani, Gujarati, Marathi; 3, language of the Sijaposh, Dardu tribes, and gypsies. &. Iranian group : 1, old Persian, Pehlevi, Parsi, modern Persian and its dialects, Kurdish, Beluchi; 2, Zend, Afghan ; 3, Ossetian ; 4, Armenian, c. Celtic group : Welsh, Gaelic, d. Italic group: Etruscan (?), Um- bric, Oscan, Latin, and the Romance languages (Ital- ian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Rhaeto-Romanic, Rouman). e. Thraco-Illyrian group: Albanese. /. Greek group : ancient and modern Greek, g. Letto- Slavic group : 1, Slavic languages old Slavic, Bulga- rian, Serb, Slovenish, Russian, Polish, Polabic, Bohe- mian ; 2, old Prussian languages Lithuanian, Lettish. h. Germanic languages: Gothic, High German, Low German, Anglo-Saxon, English, Jrisian, Flemish Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, and Danish. LAJTGUEDOC, an ancient province of southern France, bounded 1ST. by Lyonnais, E. by Dau- phiny and Provence, from which it was sepa- rated by the Rh6ne, S. E. by the Mediterra- nean, S. by Roussillon and Foix, W. by Gas- cony and Guienne, and N. W. by Auvergne. It was distinguished into Languedoc proper, LANJUINAIS comprising Haut-Languedoc, Bas-Languedoc, and the Cevennes, and the annexed provin- ces, Vivarais, Velay, Gevaudan, Albigeois, and part of Quercy. It nearly corresponds to the Gallia Narbonnensis of the Romans. The Visi- goths took possession of it in the 5th century, calling it the kingdom of Gothia, and in the 8th it was occupied by the Saracens, who were expelled by Charles Martel and Pepin the Short. Charlemagne made of it the duchy of Septimania, the rulers of which made them- selves independent ; and in the 10th century it became the county of Toulouse. A part of it was ceded to the French crown in 1229, and the province was definitely united with France in 1271. The parliament sat at Toulouse, and the assembly of notables at Montpellier. The name Languedoc was formed from langue <Toc, oc being the word used by the inhabitants for oui, and distinguishing them from those N. of the Loire, who used oil (langue d'oil). It now forms the departments of Aude, Tarn, Herault, Lozere, Ardeche, and Gard, and parts of Haute-Garonne and Haute-Loire. LANIGAN, John, an Irish clergyman, born in Cashel in 1758, died at Finglas, near Dublin, July 7, 1828. About the age of 16 he entered the Irish college at Rome, where he took or- ders and received the degree of D. D. He was soon afterward appointed to the chair of Hebrew, divinity, and the Scriptures at Pavia ; and when the university was deserted in 1796 in consequence of the war, he returned to Ire- land and was elected to a similar position in the college of Maynooth. His election having been opposed by the bishop of Cork, who sus- pected him of Gallicanism, he refused the pro- fessorship, and obtained an appointment in the record tower of Dublin castle, to which were added in 1799 the duties of librarian, edi- tor, and translator for the Dublin society. This place he retained till 1821, when his intellect became impaired, and he passed the rest of his life in a private lunatic asylum at Finglas. He left an " Introduction concerning the Nature, Present State, and True Interests of the Church of England, and on the Means of effecting a Reconciliation of the Churches," and an "Ecclesiastical History of Ireland" (4 vols., 1822). He also published the Roman breviary in Irish, and an edition of Alban But- ler's " Moral Discourses," with a preface. LAJf JUINAIS, Jean Denis, count, a French states- man, born in Rennes, March 12, 1753, died in Paris, Jan. 13, 1827. When scarcely 22 years of age he won by public competition the pro- fessorship of ecclesiastical law in his native city. He acquired reputation as a lecturer and a barrister, was in 1789 elected a deputy to the states general, took an active part in near- ly all the great measures of the constituent as- sembly, framed the bill for the civil constitu- tion of the French clergy, and was the first mover of a plan afterward adopted and em- bodied in the civil code, by which the registra- tion of births, marriages, and deaths was to