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LANKESTER LANNES 153 be transferred from ecclesiastics to municipal officers. In 1792, being sent to the convention, he resisted the extreme measures of the revo- lutionists, and opposed the proceedings against Louis XVI., and, being obliged to participate in the trial, voted for his confinement and subsequent banishment. He sided with the Girondists, and was arrested on June 2, 1793, but escaped to Rennes. He resumed his seat as a deputy in 1795, and became president of the convention. On the organization of the directory he was elected to the council of the ancients by 73 departments. After the 18th Brumaire he was appointed a member of the senate, opposed the consulate for life and the establishment of the empire, received never- theless the title of count from Napoleon, and was one of the members who voted for the deposition of the emperor in 1814. He was made a peer by Louis XVIII., submitted to Napoleon when he returned from Elba, pre- sided over the chamber of deputies during the hundred days, and on the second restoration resumed his seat in the chamber of peers. Here he advocated liberal opinions, opposing the reactionary measures of the Villle minis- try and the growing influence of the clergy. He was acquainted with the oriental languages, entered the academy of inscriptions in 1808, became afterward a member of the Asiatic society of Paris, and was elected associate of the philosophical society of Philadelphia. His works have been published in 4 vols. 8vo (Paris, 1832). LAMvKSTER, Edwin, an English physician, born at Melton, April 23, 1814, died in October, 1874. He studied in London and at Heidelberg, and was lecturer and professor at prominent insti- tutions from 1843 to 1862, when he became coroner for central Middlesex. His works, be- sides numerous contributions to scientific peri- odicals and cyclopedias, include "Vegetable Physiology" (1868), "A School Manual of Health" (1869), and "What shall we Teach? or Physiology in Schools " (1870). He edited in 1866 the " Journal of Social Science." LAN YER. See FALCON. LAMES, Jean, duke of Montebello, a marshal of France, born at Lectoure, Guienne, April 11, 1769, died in Vienna, May 31, 1809. He was apprenticed at 15 years of age to a dyer, but in 1792 entered the army, and soon attained the rank of chef de brigade. In 1795 he was included among the officers whom the report of the committee charged with reorganizing the army recommended to be dropped from the service ; but disdaining an inactive life, he fol- lowed Bonaparte to Italy in 1796 as a volun- teer, and distinguished himself at Millesimo, at Fombio, at the bridge of Lodi, and at the assault of Pavia, and was made a brigadier general. At the beginning of the battle of Arcole, Nov. 15, he was wounded; but learning that the combat had been renewed before the bridge, he mounted his horse, and plunging into the thickest of the fight was struck senseless by a ball while urging on the troops. In two months he was again in the field, and partici- pated in some of the most important achieve- ments of the campaign of 1797. He followed Bonaparte to Egypt in 1798, and fought with distinction at Gaza, Jaffa, St. Jean d'Acre, and Aboukir. At the last named place he was severely wounded while storming a redoubt. Returning to France, he contributed greatly to the success of the 18th Brumaire, and received the command of the consular guard ; and in the spring of 1800 he took command of the ad- vanced guard of the army with which Napo- leon entered Italy over the St. Bernard, and he ended a series of brilliant achievements by completely defeating the Austrians at Monte- bello, whence he subsequently received his du- cal title. At Marengo he sustained for seven hours the attacks of the Austrian army sup- ported by a powerful train of artillery, and was presented with a sword and selected to present to the French government the stand- ards taken from the Austrians. In 1801 he was sent to Lisbon as minister plenipotentiary, but showed in this capacity so arbitrary and rapacious a disposition and so little of diplo- matic finesse, that he was recalled. In 1804 he was created a marshal of the empire, and in 1805 accompanied Napoleon to the Austrian campaign. He was present at Wertingen, Ulm, and Braunau, and occupied Linz ; and at Aus- terlitz he had two aides killed by his side. He was actively employed in the campaign of 1806 against the Prussians, and at the battle of Jena commanded the centre. He subsequently participated in the campaign against the Rus- sians, terminating at the battle of Friedland, June 14, 1807. In 1808 he accompanied the emperor into Spain, and, having defeated Cas- tafios and Palaf ox at Tudela, conducted the siege of Saragossa, which after a protracted defence, memorable alike for the heroic endurance of the inhabitants and the energy and skill of the French marshal, capitulated Feb. 21, 1809. He was almost immediately summoned to Ger- many, where the campaign of 1809 had already commenced. At Eckmuhl, April 22, his ser- vices mainly contributed to the successful issue of the battle; and at the assault on Ratisbon on the succeeding day he signalized himself by one of those daring acts for which he was conspicuous even among Napoleon's generals. Seeing that his men hesitated to enter the breach under a heavy fire from the ramparts, he seized a scaling ladder and led them in through a storm of shot, thereby carrying the place in a few minutes. The sanguinary bat- tles of Aspern and Essling, May 21 and 22, witnessed the termination of his career. On the 21st he held the village of Essling against the repeated attacks of the Austrians. On the succeeding day he led an immense column of infantry, artillery, and cavalry against the Austrian centre, but was forced back toward the bridge connecting the left bank of the Danube with the island of Lobau, whither the