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LAUDANUM LAUDERDALE 205 Strafford, of whose principle of "thorough" he approved. He hecame chancellor of Oxford in 1630, of which university he was a liberal benefactor, and was present in 1633 at the coronation of the king in Scotland, urging the forced establishment of episcopacy and uni- formity in that country, which resulted in re- volt and the adoption of the national covenant. On his return he was promoted to the see of Canterbury, began his administration by the republication of the " Lawful Sunday Sports," and enforced an exact observance of the rubric and a uniform discipline in the cathedral churches. He indicated his preference in the bestowment of benefices for single over mar- ried men. His diary records that a cardinal's hat was offered to him, which he declined with the answer that " something dwelt within me which would not suffer that till Rome was other than it is." He became one of the com- mittee of trade and the king's revenue in 1634, a commissioner of the treasury soon after, and a censor of the press under a decree of the star chamber in 1637. The clergy at that time held probably a larger share in the government of England than at any subsequent period. The public odium against Laud caused by his prin- ciples and his overbearing temper was greatly increased when the star chamber sentenced Prynne, Burton, and Bastwick to be fined and maimed for libels "against the hierarchy of the church." Immediately after the meeting of the long parliament in 1640 he was impeach- ed for high treason and committed to the tow- er. After an imprisonment of more than three years, he was brought to trial, defended him- self with ability and often with success through a long and wearisome process, and was con- demned and executed by a sentence that is now admitted to have been unjust and illegal. His diary was published by Wharton in 1694. The first edition of his complete works is in the " Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology " (6 yols., Oxford, 1847-'9), and a complete edition, including his letters and miscellaneous papers, was published in Oxford in 1857-'60. His principal biographers are Prynne (1644), Hey- lin (1671), Lawrence (1829), Le Bas (1836), and Baines (1855). LAUDANUM, a name of uncertain origin ap- plied to several tinctures of opium ; it should be restricted, however, to the officinal tincture, which is prepared with 2 oz. troy of opium to 2 pints of menstruum 'consisting of equal parts of water and alcohol. About 13 minims of 25 drops of this tincture are equivalent to a grain of opium. The strength of laudanum may be increased on exposure to evaporation ; and when after standing some time it becomes thick, it should be administered with caution, especially to infants. The laudanum of Syden- ham is a wine of opium, prepared with saffron, cinnamon, and cloves. It is nearly equivalent to the United States officinal wine of opium, and is slightly stronger than ordinary lauda- num. (See OPIUM.) LAUDER, Robert Scott, a Scottish artist, born at Silver Mills, near Edinburgh, in 1803, died April 21, 1869. Showing a taste for art in his youth, he was enabled by Sir Walter Scott to pursue his studies in the trustees' academy, Edinburgh. Subsequently he passed five years on the continent, and in 1838 established him- self in London. In 1849 he returned to Edin- burgh, where he resided until his death. His best pictures were suggested by scenes in Scott's novels, and comprise "The Trial of Effie Deans," well known by the engraving of it, "Meg Merrilies," " Claverhouse ordering Morton to be Shot," &c. He also produced large Scriptural compositions, one of which, " Christ teaching Humility," was purchased by the Scottish association for the encourage- ment of art as the commencement of a Scot- tish national gallery. LAUDER, William, a Scottish literary adventu- rer, born in the early part of the 18th century, died in Barbadoes in 1771. He was educated at the university of Edinburgh, and failed in sev- eral attempts to procure a professorship there, through dislike of his character and disposition. In 1739 he published an elegant edition of sacred Latin poems by Arthur Johnston and others. A few years later he established him- self in London as a teacher of Latin, and pro- posed to publish by subscription an edition of the Latin poetry of Grotius, Masenius, and others, of which only 2 vols. appeared (1752-'3). In January, 1747, he began to publish in the " Gentleman's Magazine " a series of papers, the object of which was to show that Milton, in composing his "Paradise Lost," had bor- rowed largely from Masenius, Staphorstius, Grotius, and other writers. The substance of these appeared in his "Essay on Milton's Use and Imitation of the Moderns in his 'Para- dise Lost'" (1751), the preface and postscript of which were written by Dr. Johnson. A pamphlet by John Douglas, afterward bishop of Salisbury, in vindication of Milton from the accusation of plagiarism, showed that many of the passages cited as plagiarisms had been interpolated from Alexander Hog's Latin trans- lation of " Paradise Lost." Lauder, unable to meet the charge of forgery and imposition, signed a confession of his offence, in the form of a letter to Dr. Douglas, dictated by Dr. Johnson; but he nevertheless published in 1754 another work impugning the fame of Milton, entitled "The Grand Impostor, or Milton detected of Forgery against King Charles the First;" an answer to which, supposed to be from the hand of Johnson, appeared in the "Gentleman's Magazine" of the same year. He subsequently emigrated to Barbadoes, where he kept a school. LAUDERDALE. I. The K W. county of Ala- bama, bordering on Tennessee and Mississippi, and bounded S. and W. by the Tennessee river ; area, 672 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 15,091, of whom 5,170 were colored. The surface is hilly, and the soil fertile. Iron ore and limestone abound.