Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume X.djvu/418

LICHTENBERG LICKING linen, coaches, and harness ; and there are large breweries. The carpet manufacture, formerly extensive here, has declined. The city was incorporated by Edward II., and Queen Mary constituted it a separate county. The episco- pal see was established about 670, and from Lichfield Cathedral. 785 to the close of the century it was an arch- bishopric. LICHTENBERG, Georg Christopb, a German physicist, born at Oberramstadt, near Darm- stadt, July 1, 1742, died in Gottingen, Feb. 24, 1799. He was educated at Darmstadt and Got- tingen, and appointed professor of mathematics at the university of the latter place in 1770, and subsequently of experimental philosophy. During two visits to England he studied the English character and literature, and acquired that stock of information which he afterward turned to account in his unfinished Erklarung der Hogarthischen Kupfer&ticJie (Gottingen, 1794-'9). From 1778 till his death he was editor of the Gottingischer Taschenkalender, and in 1780 he began, in connection with Georg Forster, the Gottingisches Magazin der Literatur und Wissenschaft, which was dis- continued in 1785. Among his other works are: Ueber Physiognomik wider die Physiog- nomen (1778), in which he ridiculed Lavater's science of physiognomy, and Ueber die Pro- nunciation der Schopse des alien Griechenland (1782), a satire on Voss's proposed modifica- tion of the spelling of words derived from the Greek. A complete edition of his works was published at Gottingen (9 vols. 8vo, 1800-' 6, and 6 vols., 1844-'5). LICHTENSTEIN, Martin Heinrieh Karl, a Ger- man naturalist, born in Hamburg, Jan. 10, 1780, died on board the steamer between Kor- sor and Kiel, Sept. 3, 1857. He studied at Jena, graduated in 1802 as doctor of medicine at Helmstedt, and accompanied the Dutch gov- ernor Janssens to the Cape of Good Hope. At the end of 1802 he made a tour of exploration in the interior of Cape Colony, and collected the materials for his scientific work, Reisen im sudlichen Afrika (Berlin, 1810-'! 1 ; English translation by Anne Plumptre, London, 1812). In 1804, on the outbreak of the war with Eng- land, he served as surgeon in a regiment of Hottentots, and in 1805 was sent on a mission to some of the native tribes. In 1811 he be- came professor of zoology at the university of Berlin, and in 1813 director of the zoological museum. He wrote many zoological works. LICK, James, an American philanthropist, born at Fredericksburg, Lebanon co., Pa., Aug. 25, 1796. He was engaged in commer- cial pursuits in South America from 1821 to 1847, when he went to California, invested largely in real estate, and employed his means in other enterprises, which resulted in the ac- cumulation of a large fortune. In 1874 he assigned $2,000,000 from his estate to trus- tees for various public and philanthropic pur- poses, including $700,000 for a telescope and other apparatus for an observatory previously founded by him at Lake Tahoe ; $300,000 for a school of mechanical arts in California; $250,- 000 for public monuments and $150,000 for public baths in Sacramento; $150,000 for a monument to Francis Scott Key, the author of "The Star-Spangled Banner;" and large sums to several benevolent societies in San Fran- cisco, in which city he now (1874) resides. LICKING, a central county of Ohio, drained by the Licking river; area, 666 sq. m. ; pop. in