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LICKING LIEBER 413 1870, 35,756. It has a level surface and a good soil, mostly under cultivation, and abounds in iron ore. It is intersected by the Ohio canal, and by the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and St. Louis railroad, and the Central Ohio and Lake Erie divisions of the Baltimore and Ohio. The chief productions in 1870 were 332,381 bushels of wheat, 1,556,341 of Indian corn, 359,617 of oats, 145,305 of potatoes, 1,061,513 Ibs. of wool, 858,152 of butter, and 49,995 tons of hay. There were 9,993 horses, 8,319 milch cows, 14,898 other cattle, 220,963 sheep, and 31,103 swine ; 26 manufactories of carriages, 2 of brick, 1 of rectified coal oil, 6 of iron castings, 2 of engines and boilers, 12 of saddlery and harness, 1 of sash, doors, and blinds, 6 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 1 of woollen goods, 13 tanneries, 9 currying establishments, 1 distillery, 3 breweries, 3 flour mills, 1 planing mill, and 10 saw mills. Capital, Newark. LICKING* I* A river of Kentucky, rising in Floyd co. among the Cumberland mountains, and, after a N. W. course of more than 200 m., falling into the Ohio at Newport, opposite Cincinnati. It is navigable for small steamers to Falmouth, about 50 m. from its mouth. II. A river of Ohio, called the Pataskala by the Indians, rising near the centre of the state, and, after a winding S. E. course of about 75 m., falling into the Muskingum at Zanesville. It furnishes valuable water power. LICTORS, in Roman antiquity, public officers appointed to attend on the chief magistrates, to clear the way and to enforce proper respect. At first they were freemen of the plebeian or- der, but in later times the office could be held by freedmen. No slave was ever appointed a lictor. The ancient kings were always pre- ceded by 12 lictors, who bore the fasces and secures. One of the consuls was preceded by the same number, bearing only the fasces. Dictators had a double number. Lictors also waited on the decemviri, prastors, and procon- suls, and on some minor magistrates when in the provinces. It belonged to them to inflict punishment on condemned Roman citizens. LIDDELL, Henry George, an English scholar, born about 1811. He graduated at Christchurch college, Oxford, in 1833, took holy orders, and after holding various posts in that college be- came successively proctor of the university, head master of Westminster school, domestic chaplain to Prince Albert, and chaplain extra- ordinary to the queen. In 1855 he was ap- pointed dean of Christchurch, and in 1870 vice chancellor of the university of Oxford. With R. Scott, M. A., he prepared a Greek lexicon (London, 1843 ; 6th enlarged ed., 1869 ; enlarged by Henry Drisler, New York, 1846). He has also published " History of Rome from the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Empire" (2 vols., 1855). LIDDON, Henry Parry, an English clergyman, born in 1830. He was educated at Christ- church, Oxford, and graduated in 1850. Hav- ing taken orders, he was vice principal of the theological college of Cuddesdon from 1854 to 1859, became examining chaplain to the bish- op of Salisbury, and in 1864 was made preben- dary of Salisbury cathedral. In 1866 he was appointed Bampton lecturer, became canon res- identiary in St. Paul's cathedral, London, in 1870, and the same year was appointed Ire- land professor of exegesis in the university of Oxford. He is distinguished as one of the most eloquent preachers in the church of Eng- land, and has published "Lenten Sermons" (1858); "The Divinity of our Lord and Sa- viour Jesus Christ " (Bampton lectures, 1867) ? and "Some Words for God" (1871). LIEBER. I. Francis, an American publicist, born in Berlin, March 18, 1800, died in New York, Oct. 2, 1872. He had begun the study of medicine when in 1815 he joined the Prus- sian army as a volunteer, fought in the bat- tles of Ligny and Waterloo, and was severely wounded in the assault on Namur. He studied at the university of Jena, suffered persecution in 1819 as member of a Bursclienschaft, and in 1821 proceeded to Greece to take part in its struggle for independence, travelling on foot through Switzerland to Marseilles. After en- during various privations, he returned to Italy, and passed the years 1822 and 1823 at Rome in the family of Niebuhr, then Prussian am- bassador. He wrote while there a journal of his sojourn in Greece. Returning to Germa- ny in 1824, he was imprisoned at Kopenick, where he wrote a collection of poems, which, on his release by the influence of Niebuhr, was printed at Berlin under the name of Franz Arnold. Annoyed by persecutions, he went to England in 1825, and supported him- self for a year in London as a private teach- er. In 1827 he came to the United States, and lectured on history and politics in the larger cities. While residing at Boston he un- dertook the editorship of the "Encyclopaedia Americana," based upon Brockhaus's Conver- sations- LexiTcon. It was published in Philadel- phia in 13 volumes, between the years 1829 and 1833. He also made translations of a French work on the revolution of July, 1830, and of the life of Kaspar Hauser by Feuerbach. At New York in 1832 he translated the work of De Beaumont and De Tocqueville on the penitentiary system in the United States, add- ing an introduction and notes. On invitation of the trustees of Girard college he furnished a plan of education and instruction for that institution, which was published at Philadel- phia in 1834. In the same year appeared his " Letters to a Gentleman in Germany, written after a Trip from Philadelphia to Niagara," and in 1835 his " Reminiscences of Niebuhr." In this year he was appointed professor of his- tory and political economy in the South Caro- lina college at Columbia, and discharged the duties of this chair till 1856. In 1857 he was appointed to the same professorship at Colum- bia college in New York, and subsequently accepted the chair of political science in the