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LIND LINDEN 501 lying below the level of the sea, from which it is protected by embankments. Since the Ro- man occupation vast tracts of this fenny dis- trict have been from time to time reclaimed from the sea, and constitute some of the most productive land in Great Britain. (See BED- FOED LEVEL.) The principal rivers are the Trent, Witham, Welland, and Ancholme. The soil of the fens consists chiefly of a deep loam, clay, and peat ; elsewhere it is generally a rich sandy loam. The county is celebrated for the high condition of its agriculture, and for its fine breeds of cattle, horses, and. sheep, as well as for the number and beauty of its ancient parish churches. Capital, Lincoln. LIND (Goldschmidt), Jenny, a Swedish vocalist, born in Stockholm, Oct. 6, 1821. From infan- cy she manifested a remarkable talent for sing- ing. When about nine years old she entered the musical academy at Stockholm, where she made such progress that at the end of a year she was deemed fitted for the stage, on which she soon made her appearance in juvenile parts, showing dramatic talents not less remarkable than her vocal accomplishments. For two years she performed to the delight of Stockholm audiences, when the upper notes of her voice became clouded and harsh, and the idea of pre- paring her for the grand opera was abandoned. For four years she remained in obscurity, for- bidden to exercise her voice, and finding her chief enjoyment in studying instrumental mu- sic. When she was about 16 years of age acci- dent brought her upon the stage one night, temporarily to assume an unimportant part in one of Meyerbeer's operas, and she discovered that her voice had returned to her with more than its former purity and power. The next day she was invited by the manager of the opera to assume the part of Agatha in Weber's FreiscJiutz, and for nearly two years she was the reigning prima donna of the Stockholm opera. Feeling, how'ever, that her voice was not under sufficient control, she went in 1841 to Paris, and put herself under the instruc- tion of Garcia, then the first singing master in Europe. He gave her little encourage- ment; but about a year after her arrival in Paris she was introduced to Meyerbeer, in whom she found an appreciative admirer of her talents, and from whom she subsequently received an invitation to sing in the opera at Berlin. She made her reappearance upon the stage in her native city, and in 1844 first sang before a Berlin audience at the opening of the opera house, as Vielka in Meyerbeer's Feldlager in Schlesien. Thenceforth her reputation in- creased with every performance, and in Vienna and other musical cities she was received with great enthusiasm. In May, 1847, she made her debut before a London audience as Alice in the opera of Robert le dia~ble, and excited a sensation almost without a parallel in the his- tory of the opera in England. During this season she also appeared as Marie in La fille du regiment, Amina in La sonnanribula, Norma in the opera of that name, and Agatha in Der FreiscJiutz. For the next three years she ap- peared repeatedly in England, Germany, and Sweden, adding meanwhile to her parts those of Lucia di Lammermoor, Adina in VElisir d'amore, Susanna in the Nozze di Figaro, and Elvira in'/ Puritani, and showing her versa- tile powers in oratorios and miscellaneous con- cert music. In September, 1850, she came to America, under an engagement with P. T. Bar- num to give a series of 150 concerts. Her first concert in New York excited the wildest en- thusiasm. The tickets were put up at auction, a hatter paid several hundreds of dollars for the choice of the best seat, and large sums were given for other desirable places. Her share in the proceeds of this concert, amounting to about $10,000, was bestowed upon local char- ities. A like excitement attended her appear- ance in other cities ; but in June, 1851, avail- ing herself of an article in the agreement, she terminated the engagement after the 95th con- cert, and gave thereafter a series of concerts on her own account. During her stay in Boston she was married to Otto Goldschmidt, a young pianist who had accompanied her on a part of her American tour. Returning with him to Europe, she resided for a while at Dresden, and in 1858 removed to London. She refused to reappear upon the stage, but gave several con- certs for the benefit of the poor, in London and elsewhere, one of the latest being given at Cannes, France, in 1866. Her voice, a soprano, embracing a register of 2| octaves, was not less remarkable for sweetness and purity of tone than for its sympathetic power. Her execution was equally remarkable, and in the interpretation of many varieties of music, from the oratorios of Handel to the rondos of Ros- sini or Donizetti, or simple national ballads, she was without a rival. LINDAU, a town of Bavaria, on two islands in the lake of Constance, 25 m. E. S. E. of Constance; pop. about 5,000. It has a royal castle, four churches, a Latin school, a com- mercial and industrial school, and an important trade, chiefly in wine, corn, cheese, and fish. The port, called Maximilianshafen, was estab- lished in 1812, and subsequently considerably enlarged. Near it is a statue of King Maxi- milian II., erected in 1856. Lindau was till 1803 a free imperial city. LINDE, Samnel Bognmil, a Polish philologist, born in Thorn in 1771, died in Warsaw, Aug. 8, 1847. He was of Swedish extraction, stud- ied at Leipsic, took part in the revolutionary war under Kosciuszko, lived for some time in Vienna, and in 1803 established himself in Warsaw. He became rector of the gymnasium and librarian of the university, retiring into private life in 1838. His fame rests on his u Dictionary of the Polish Language" (6 vols., Warsaw, 1807-'14; new ed., 1855-'9). LINDEN, the name in all Germanic languages for trees of the genus tilia, its origin being obscure; the same trees are called lime, and