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622 LONDON PRIDE LONG was the representative of Londonderry in the house of commons from 1801 to 1814, when he was raised to the peerage as Lord Stewart, and sworn a member of the privy council. In 1815 he was one of the British plenipotentiaries at the congress of Vienna. In 1822, on the death of his brother, he succeeded to the marquisate of Londonderry; and in 1823 he was created Earl Yane, having in 1819 contracted a second marriage with the only daughter of Sir Harry Vane Tempest, and assumed the name and arms of Vane. In right of his wife he became possessed of large estates in Durham, for the development of which he constructed the har- bor of Seaham, a vast undertaking for private enterprise. He was raised to the rank of gen- eral in 1837", and became colonel of the life guards in 1843. In 1852 he received the gar- ter vacated by the death of the duke of Wel- lington. He is the author of a "History of the Peninsular War," and edited the corre- spondence of his brother, Lord Castlereagh, which was published in 1850. LONDON PRIDE, a garden name for saxifra- ga umbrosa, a perennial evergreen plant from southern Europe. It has long been a favorite in Great Britain, and has escaped from gar- dens and become naturalized in different parts of the country, especially in Ireland, where it is known as St. Patrick's cabbage, its thick and leathery leaves, gathered in a dense cluster a foot across, being sufficiently suggestive of a cabbage to warrant the name. The flower stems are 6 to 12 in. high, and bear a loose panicle of small pink flowers, which are marked with spots of darker color. It is London Pride (Saxifraga umbrosa). used as an edging plant in old gardens, and is one of the few plants which endure the smoke of London and other cities without injury. LONG, George, an English scholar, born at Poulton, Lancashire, in 1800. He graduated at Trinity college, Cambridge, in 1822. In 1824 he became professor of ancient languages in the university of Virginia, but in 1826 re- turned to London, in order to become profes- sor of the Greek language and literature in the London university (now University college). In this office he remained till 1831, when he began to edit for the society for the diffusion of useful knowledge their "Journal of Educa- tion," which he continued till 1835. He edit- ed the "Penny Cyclopaedia" from 1832 to 1843. In 1837 he was called to the bar, and in 1842 he became professor of Latin in Univer- sity college, but resigned in 1846, being invited by the society of the Middle Temple to deliver a course of lectures on jurisprudence and the civil law. This office he soon resigned, but in 1849 was appointed professor of classical liter- ature at Brighton college, where he remained till 1871. Among his works are editions of Caesar's " Gallic War " and Cicero's " Orations," and a "Classical Atlas." He has published " France and its Revolutions " (1849) ; " Geog- raphy of England and Wales," in conjunction with G. R. Porter (1850), and " Geography of America;" and "Decline of the Roman Re- public " (5 vols., 1864-'74). LONG, Roger, an English clergyman and as- tronomer, born in Norfolk about 1680, died in Cambridge, Dec. 16, 1770. He graduated at Cambridge in 1704, became vice chancellor ot the university in 1729, and master of Pem- broke hall in 1733. In 1749 he was appointed Lowndes professor of astronomy, and in 1751 rector of Brad well in Essex. At his death he bequeathed 600 to his college. He was the inventor of the uranium, a singular machine for facilitating the study of astronomy, which may still be seen at Pembroke hall. It is a hollow sphere 18 ft. in diameter, and capable of containing 30 persons. The inner surface is covered by a map of that portion of the heavens visible in Britain. The most im- portant of his works is his "Treatise on As- tronomy," in 5 books (2 vols. 4to, Cambridge, 1742-'64; 2ded., 1784). LONG, Stephen Harriman, an American engi- neer, born in Hopkinton, N. H., Dec. 30, 1784, died in Alton, 111., Sept. 4, 1864. He grad- uated at Dartmouth college in 1809, in 1814 entered the corps of engineers of the United States army, and in 1815 became assistant pro- fessor of mathematics at West Point. In April, 1816, he was transferred to the topographical engineers. From 1818 to 1823 he had charge of explorations between the Mississippi and the Rocky mountains, and of the sources of the Mississippi in 1823-'4, and in 1826 was made brevet lieutenant colonel of topographical en- gineers. He was engaged in surveying the Baltimore and Ohio railroad from 1827 to 1830, and from 1837 to 1840 was engineer-in-chief of the Western and Atlantic railroad in Geor- gia, in which capacity he introduced a system of curves in the location of roads, and a new species of truss bridges, which has been gen- erally adopted in the United States. He was