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LONG BRANCH LONGFELLOW 623 made major in 1838, colonel March 3, 1863, and retired June 1, 1863. An account of his first expedition to the Rocky mountains (of which one of the highest summits was named from him Long's peak) in 1819-'20, from the notes of Major Long and others, by Edwin James, was published in 1823 ; and in 1824 appeared "Long's Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake of the Woods," &c., by W. H. Keating (2 vols., Philadelphia). His "Railroad Manual" (1829) was the first origi- nal treatise of the kind in this country. LONG BRANCH, a village of Ocean township, Monmouth co., New Jersey, on the New Jer- sey Southern railroad, 28 m. S. of New York, and 63 m. N. E. of Philadelphia ; permanent population about 5,000. It is situated on the shore of the Atlantic, the beach affording admirable facilities for bathing, and is one of the most celebrated summer resorts in the country. Steamers ply several times a day du- ring the season between New York and Sandy Hook, whence the distance by rail is 11 m. The New York and Long Branch railroad, connecting those points directly, was completed in November, 1874. The principal avenue, on which are the chief hotels and some fine cottages, runs along a bluff beneath which is the beach. Further back are numerous elegant summer residences, while the old village, con- taining the permanent residents, is about a mile from the shore. The Monmouth Park race course is about 4 m. inland, near the rail- road track. Long Branch contains 13 first- class hotels, with accommodations for more than 5,000 guests, the largest one alone ac- commodating 1,200; a bank, a weekly news- paper (issuing a daily edition during the sea- son), and five churches : Episcopal, Methodist, Reformed (two), and Roman Catholic. It is in- corporated, and governed by six commissioners. LONGCHAMPS, a promenade in the Bois de Boulogne of Paris, famous for its horse races, military reviews, and as a fashionable resort, especially during Passion week. It derives its name from a former abbey, at the N. end of the village of Boulogne, which courtiers and other fashionables attended in the 18th cen- tury, and which was destroyed in 1793. LONGET, Francois Achille, a French physician, born in St. Germain-en-Laye in 1811, died in Bordeaux in June, 1871. He early showed a strong taste for physiological pursuits, and from 1838 was almost entirely devoted to them. He was particularly distinguished for his nu- merous original investigations on the nervous system, and for his extensive and complete though somewhat polemic reviews of the state- ments and opinions of other writers. His con- clusions, however, were in general marked by great good judgment. He made various series of experiments on the manifestations and ef- fects of electricity in connection with the ner- vous system; on the excitability and irrita- bility of the nerves; on the recurrent sensi- bility of the anterior roots of the spinal nerves ; 507 VOL. x. 40 on the seat of the reflex act of respiration in the medulla oblongata ; on the effects of the in- halation of ether on the nervous system ; and on the voice and the production of musical sounds. He twice obtained the Monty on prize of physiology at the academy of sciences. He was member of the academy of medicine, officer of the legion of honor, and consulting physi- cian to Napoleon III. For the last ten years of his life he was professor of physiology in the faculty of medicine in Paris. Besides im- portant contributions to the Annales medico- psychologiques, of which he was one of the founders, and other periodicals, his works are : Recherches experimental sur lesf auctions des nerfs des muscles du larynx (1841) ; Recherches experimentales sur Virritabilite musculaire (1841) ; Recherches experimentales sur lesfonc- tions d'epiglotte (1841); Anatomie etphysiolo- gie du systeme nerveux (2 vols. 8vo, 1842) ; Experiences relatives a V inhalation de Aether sulfurique sur le systeme nerveux (1849) ; Traite de physiologie (2 vols. 8vo, with plates, 1850-'61 ; 3d ed. revised and enlarged, 1868) ; Nouvelles recJiercJies relatives a Vaction du sue gastrique, &c. (1855) ; and Mouvement circu- lairede la matiere dans les trois regnes (1865). LONGEVITY. See AGE. LONGFELLOW, Henry Wadsworth, an Ameri- can poet, born in Portland, Me., Feb. 27, 1807. He is the son of Stephen Longfellow, an eminent lawyer in that city. At the age of 14 he entered Bowdoin college, where he graduated in 1825. During his academic course he composed several of the best known of his earlier poems, among them the "Hymn of the Moravian Nuns," " The Spirit of Poe- try," "Woods in Winter," and "Sunrise on the Hills." After leaving college he entered the office of his father for the purpose of studying law ; but in 1826 he accepted an offer of the professorship of modern languages and literature in Bowdoin college, with the privi- lege of devoting some time to preliminary for- eign study, and early in the year sailed for Europe. He remained abroad till 1829, study- ing successively in France, Spain, Italy, and Germany, and afterward discharged the duties of his professorship for five years. During this time he contributed to the " North Amer- ican Review," and published his translation of the Coplas de Manrique and his " Outre-Mer." His shorter poems were already numerous at this period, though as yet no collection of them had been made. In 1835, on the resignation of Mr. George Ticknor, he was appointed pro- fessor of modern languages and belles-lettres in Harvard university ; and before entering actively upon the duties of the office he again visited Europe, returning in 1836. He then assumed the professorship, which he held for 17 years, during which not only his official but his literary labors were remarkably uninter- rupted and fruitful. The summer of 1842 was passed at Boppard on the Rhine. In 1854 he resigned, but continued to reside at Cambridge,