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LONGOBARDS LONGSTREET 629 with whom he published a new edition of the "Cyclopaedia." He was one of the first to export books to America. III. Thomas Norton, son of the preceding, born in London in 1771, died at Hampstead, Aug. 28; 1842. He became a partner with his father about 1792, the firm being then one of the largest in the city, both as publishers and booksellers, and during the 50 years that he remained connected with it greatly extended its operations and enhanced its reputation. Various partners were from time to time admitted into the house, but du- ring nearly the whole of the period above in- dicated Thomas Norton Longman remained at its head. At the commencement of the pres- ent century the Longmans were the proprie- tors of the valuable copyright of Lindley Mur- ray's "English Grammar," and issued some of the first poems of Wordsworth, Coleridge, and South ey. They also published Scott's " Lay of the Last Minstrel" and several of the Waver- ley novels, and subsequent to 1811 were the exclusive publishers of Thomas Moore's works, with the exception of his " Life of Lord By- ron," the works of Herschel, Mackintosh, Mac- aulay, McCulloch, and others. In 1826 they became part proprietors of the "Edinburgh Review," and between 1829 and 1846 published the 133 volumes of Lardner's "Cabinet Cyclo- paedia." Another important enterprise of the house was the reconstruction of the old Cham- bers's " Cyclopaedia," which, under the editor- ship of Dr. Abraham Rees, was expanded into a work in 39 vols. 4to, with 6 vols. of plates, and styled "Rees's Cyclopaedia" (1802-'19). Mr. Longman's sons, THOMAS and WILLIAM, suc- ceeded him in the firm, which is now, under the style of Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, one of the largest publishing houses in England. LONGOBARDS. See LOMBAEDY. LONGSTREET, James, an American soldier, born in South Carolina about 1820. He was taken to Alabama in his childhood, graduated at West Point in 1842, and was assigned to the infantry. He served in the principal battles of the Mexican war, was severely wounded in the assault on a fortified convent at Chapulte- pec, and was successively brevetted as captain and major. From 1847" to 1858 he was on frontier duty in Texas, having been made cap- tain of infantry in 1852. In 1858 he became paymaster, with the rank of major of staff, at Albuquerque, New Mexico. In June, 1861, he resigned and entered the confederate ser- vice, and became a brigadier general under Beauregard. His brigade took an active part in the first battle of Bull Run (July 21, 1861), after which he was made major general. He commanded the rear guard at the abandonment of Yorktown, and fought the battle of Wil- liamsburg (May 5, 1862), which enabled the confederates to effect their retreat to Rich- mond. At the battle of Seven Pines (May 31) Longstreet's division bore the main part, and gained whatever success was achieved. During the " seven days " his division was closely en- gaged in the battles of Cold Harbor (June 27) and Frazier's Farm (June 30). Of the 10,000 men in this division the loss in killed and wounded was 4,292. Shortly after the confed- erate army of northern Virginia was organ- ized into two corps, under the immediate com- mand of Jackson and Longstreet, to operate against the Union army of Virginia under Pope. At the second battle of Bull Run Longstreet, with whom was Lee, joined Jackson on the second day (Aug. 30) in time to secure the vic- tory. In the invasion of Maryland which en- sued, Longstreet's corps bore an important part in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam. At the battle of Fredericksburg (Dec. 13) Long- street commanded the confederate left, where the main success of the day was achieved. In February, 1863, Longstreet with two of his five divisions was detached for special service in North Carolina, but was recalled to Virginia immediately after the battle of Chancellorsville, was made lieutenant general, and received com- mand of one of the three corps of the army destined for the invasion of the north. At Gettysburg portions of his corps, though not under his immediate orders, fought the inde- cisive action of July 2, and the fatal one of July 3. During the partial lull of operations in the east which followed this battle Long- street with his division was sent to the west to the support of Bragg. He arrived in Tennes- see just in time to secure the confederate suc- cess at Chickamauga (Sept. 19, 20). Early in November Longstreet was sent by Bragg to operate against Burnside near Knoxville. This movement proved unsuccessful, and in March, 1864, Longstreet with his division rejoined the army of Lee. At the battle of the Wilderness, May 6, 1864, Longstreet was severely wounded by his own men, who mistook him for a Union officer, and did not resume service till October. He was then placed in command of the forces on the east side of the James river. He took part with a few brigades in the final engage- ment at Petersburg, which enabled Lee to se- cure his retreat from that city. He was a member of the last council of war held by Lee in the woods on the night of April 8, 1865. After the conclusion of the war Longstreet was among the first of the confederate generals to avail himself of the proffered amnesty. He took up his residence in New Orleans, engaged in civil pursuits, and exerted himself to bring about a cordial peace, acting with the repub- lican party. For a time he was surveyor of the port, and in 1874 was one of the school commissioners of New Orleans. LONGSTREET. I. William, an American in- ventor, born in New Jersey about 1760, died in Georgia in 1814. He early removed to Georgia, and in 1790 wrote a letter to Thomas Telfair of Savannah asking his assistance in raising the means to construct a boat to be E repelled by steam. This letter was published i the Savannah and Augusta newspapers ; the necessary funds were subsequently furnished,