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700 LUCAN LUCAS fierce invectives against tyranny, shows that it was composed at intervals. It reveals much poetical power, but has great defects, and has often been both admired and condemned with exaggeration. The best edition is that of Weber (Leipsic, 1821-'31). The principal Eng- lish translations are by Christopher Marlowe (of the first book, 1600), May (1627), Rowe (1718), and Riley, in Bohn's "Classical Libra- ry " (1853). Durand's translation into French (Paris, 1865) and Krais's into German (Leip- sic, 1863) are excellent. LUCAN, George Charles Bingham, earl of, a British soldier, born in London, April 16, 1800. His mother, before her marriage with his father Richard, second earl of Lucan, had been the wife of Bernard Edward Howard, after- ward duke of Norfolk, from whom she was divorced by act of parliament in 1794. He was educated at Westminster, and entered the army in 1816. In 1828 he joined the Russian general Diebitsch as a volunteer in the cam- paign against Turkey; and in 1829 he pro- ceeded with him across the Balkan, as com- mander of a division of the Russian cavalry. He returned to England after the conclusion of peace at Adrianople, and retired from the army on half pay in 1836. In 1839 he suc- ceeded to his title and property, the great bulk of which is in the county of Mayo, Ireland, and in the following year he was chosen one of the representative peers for Ireland. He de- voted himself to the improvement of the Irish property, and rescued within a short time near- ly 30,000 acres from a tenantry steeped in mis- ery, but the summary ejection of whom sub- jected him to great odium. The duke of Wel- lington had great regard for his judgment on cavalry matters ; and on the outbreak of the war with Russia he was appointed commander of a division of cavalry in the Crimea. Lord Lucan was wounded before Sebastopol, but his name is most conspicuously associated with the celebrated cavalry charge at Balaklava (Oct. 25, 1854), the order for which was transmit- ted from Lord Raglan through him to Lord Cardigan, his brother-in-law. His conduct, together with that of Cardigan, was made the subject of an investigation by the Crimean board of inquiry, which however did not result in an mcrimination of either. Lucan was made lieutenant general in 1858, and general in 1865. LUCANIA, in ancient geography, a division of southern Italy or Magna Graecia, bounded N. W. by Campania, from which it was partly separated by the river Silarus (now Sele), N. by Samnium, N. E. by Apulia, from which it was separated by the Bradanus (Bradano), E. by the Tarentine gulf, S. by Bruttium, and W. by the Tyrrhenian sea. The territory is moun- tainous, excepting a fertile and extensive plain between the Apennines and the gulf of Ta- ranto. Besides the rivers above mentioned, it was watered by the Tanager (Negro), an afflu- ent of the Silarus, the Laus (Lao), which falls into the Tyrrhenian sea on the confines of Bruttium, the Siris (Sinno), which flows into the Tarentine gulf, and numerous other streams. Among the principal towns flourishing at various periods were Metapontum, Heraclea, Sybaris, and Thurium or Thurii on the eastern coast, Posidonium or Paestum and Elea or Ve- lia on the western, and Pandosia and Potentia in the interior. The original inhabitants of Lucania were the Chones and (Enotrians, who, like most of the Greeks who settled on the coasts, were gradually subdued by Samnites from the north. Lucania rose quickly to such importance that a league was formed against it by the cities of Magna Graecia about 393 B. C. The Lucanians triumphed in a great battle fought in 390, and the younger Dio- nysius concluded a treaty with them in 358. They were subjected by the Romans in 272, and in the civil war between Marius and Sulla in 88 their nationality was extinguished. LUCAS. I. A N. W. county of Ohio, border- ing on Michigan and Lake Erie, bounded part- ly on the S. by the Maumee river, and drained by the Ottawa river and Swan creek ; area, 420 sq. in. ; pop. in 1870, 46,722. It is traversed by the Wabash and Erie canal, and several rail- roads centre at Toledo. It has a level surface and fertile soil. The chief productions in 1870 were 120,895 bushels of wheat, 242,502 of Indian corn, 135,157 of oats, 200,052 of pota- toes, 54,067 Ibs. of wool, 314,533 of butter, and 24,319 tons of hay. There were 3,875 horses, 4,346 milch cows, 4,250 other cattle, 11,029 sheep, and 8,167 swine; 2 manufactories of agricultural implements, 12 of carriages, 16 of cooperage, 1 of files, 6 of furniture, 1 of pig iron, 4 of iron castings, 1 of wine, 5 of machi- nery, 1 of paper, 7 of sash, doors, and blinds, 4 of tobacco and snuff, 5 tanneries, 4 currying establishments, 5 breweries, 6 flour mills, 12 saw mills, and 2 ship building and repairing establishments. Capital, Toledo. II. A S. county of Iowa, drained by branches of the Chariton and Des Moines rivers ; area, 432 sq. in. ; pop. in 1870, 5,287. The surface is rolling, with prairies and forests, and the soil generally fertile. The Burlington and Missouri River railroad and the Chariton branch pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 139,- 087 bushels of wheat, 597,322 of Indian corn, 174,889 of oats, 54,274 of potatoes, 59,106 Ibs. of wool, 397,894 of butter, and 14,680 tons of hay. There were 4,665 horses, 3,690 milch cows, 7,642 other cattle, 17,210 sheep, and 17,536 swine. Capital, Chariton. LUCAS, Charles Jean Marie, a French economist, born in St. Brieuc, May 3, 1803, died in Paris, May 6, 1874. He became an advocate, and from 1830 to 1853 was inspector general of prisons in the ministry of the interior ; after- ward until 1865 he presided over the board of inspectors general in the same ministry. In 1847 he founded the agricultural penal estab- lishment at Val d'Yevre. Among his works are Du systeme penitentiaire en Europe et aux fitats-Unis, which gained the Montyon prize