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178 MARLBOROUGH upon him the lordship of Mindelheim, with the title of prince. The battle of Ramillies was won May 23, 1706. Other successes marked this campaign, and the duke received a pension of 5,000, and other rewards. The campaign of 1707 was marked by no striking event where Marlborough commanded; but on July 11, 1708, he won the battle of Oudenarde. Lille was taken the same year. Efforts to restore peace having failed, the war was resumed, and on Sept, 11, 1709, Marlborough, aided by Eugene, won the battle of Malplaquet, the most sanguinary and hardly contested of all his vic- tories. His last campaign, in 1711, when he captured the fortress of Bouchain, was the most brilliant and effective of all. In the mean time great changes had taken place in England. The war had been commenced by a tory ministry, though it was to support whig views. Gradually everything changed. Godolphin became a whig, and the great of- fices passed into whig hands. In 1707 the change was complete, though the queen's sym- pathies were with the tones. The duchess of Marlborough, who was a whig at the time her husband was a tory, bent all her energies to the support of the ministry, and if her tact had equalled her talent that ministry might have lasted through the queen's life. But the queen at length became weary of her imperi- ous sway, and Mrs. Masham, a cousin of the duchess, whom she had placed in the service of the queen, was used by Robert Harley as a tool to effect her downfall. The ministry of Godolphin was overthrown (1710), the duchess was dismissed, and Harley, as earl of Oxford, became the head of a tory cabinet (1711). This was followed by the removal of Marlborough from all his offices (Jan. 1, 1712). It was even intended to proceed against him legally on a charge of embezzling the public money. Gov- ernment ceased to pay the cost of building Blenheim, and that palace was completed out of the funds of the duke. The German gov- ernment treated him with equal ingratitude, as his principality had been lost through the res- toration of the elector of Bavaria. At the close of 1712 he left England, and visited Flan- ders and Germany, residing principally at Aix- la-Chapelle, Frankfort, and Antwerp. The ill treatment he had received from the tones caused him to become a firm friend of the Hanoverian succession. He corresponded with the elector, offered him a large loan, and used his influence with Holland in behalf of the Protestant succession. He returned to Eng- land on the very day of the accession of the house of Hanover, and was well received by the people, the nobility, and the array. He was appointed a privy councillor, and on the arrival of George I. was made captain general of the army and master of the ordnance. He was prompt in his measures during the rebellion of 1715 ; but it is said that he sent money to the pretender. His health was now on the de- cline, and he experienced more than one par- MARLOWE alytic shock. Still his mental powers were not affected. He attended parliament even in the last year of his life, and also performed his various military duties. He offered to resign his offices, but the king would not hear of it. He was seized with palsy in June, 1722, at Windsor lodge, and died eight days before the completion of his 72d year. He had a mag- nificent funeral, and his body was deposited in Westminster abbey, whence it was removed to Blenheim, and placed in a noble mauso- leum, the work of Rysbrack. The duke left no son, and his title passed to his eldest daugh- ter, Henrietta, countess of Godolphin, from whom it descended to her nephew, Charles Spencer, earl of Sunderland. He left enormous wealth, his income at the time of his death being 70,000, exclusive of what he drew from royal gifts. He was doubtless the most adroit statesman an'd most successful commander of his time. The duchess survived him 22 years. Though there is much exaggeration in the or- dinary accounts of her violence and quarrels, it is undeniable that her life was not of that dignified character which would have been be- coming in one of her station. She could be liberal, and aided Child, the banker, whom the bank of England was seeking to ruin, by giving him an order on that institution for 100,000. She gave Hooke 5,000 for assisting to write her "Account" of her conduct while at court. She died Oct. 18, 1744, in her 85th year. Her immense wealth was left principally to Charles, duke of Marlborough, and to his brother, John Spencer. Among her bequests was one of 20,000 to Lord Chesterfield, and another of 10,000 to the elder Pitt. In 1845-'6 the " Let- ters and Despatches of the Duke of Marlbor- ough" were published in 5 vols. 8vo, edited by Sir George Murray. The best biographies of the duke of Marlborough are by Coxe, " Me- moirs of John, Duke of Marlborough " (3 vols. 4to, London, 1817-'19, and 3 vols. 8vo, 1848), and Alison, "Life of John, Duke of Marlbor- ough" (2 vols., London, 1847). The "Life of the Duchess of Marlborough " has been writ- ten by Mrs. A. T. Thomson (2 vols., London, 1839), and by Miss Costello, in vol. iv. of "Eminent Englishwomen" (1844). MARLIANI, Anrelio, count, an Italian com- poser, born in Lombardy about 1803, killed in Bologna in June, 1849. He joined the car- bonari, lost his fortune in their service, and was obliged to take refuge in Paris. There he became a teacher of singing, and Julia Grisi was his pupil. After the revolution of 1848 he returned to Italy, and took up arms with the revolutionists. He composed many songs and romances and several operas, the best known of which, Le bravo, was produced at Paris in 1834 and at Vienna in 1835. MARLITT, E. See JOHN, EUGEXIE. MARLOWE, Christopher, or Kit, an English dramatic poet, born in Canterbury in 1564, killed in Deptford, June 16, 1593. His father, a shoemaker, obtained for him admission into