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MARMARA MARMONT 179 King's school, Canterbury. He was after- ward entered as a pensioner of Corpus Christi college, Cambridge, where he received the de- gree of bachelor of arts in 1583 and of mas- in 1587. In 1586 he produced the first part his tragedy of " Tamburlaine," which ex- bits more action on the stage, a more drama- dialogue, and a far more varied and skilful rsification, than any English play which had ceded it ; but it was ridiculed for its bom- ic style and extravagant scenes. It was rinted with a second part in 1590. His sec- ond play was the " Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus," a powerful though irregular drama, its poetical beauties being often intermingled with low buffooneries. " e hero makes a pact with Lucifer, to whom disposes of his soul on condition of having familiar spirit and unlimited /power at his mmand for 24 years. The awful melancholy the fiend, as contrasted with the malignant irth of Goethe's Mephistopheles, the strug- es of awakened conscience in the hero, and splendid horror of the termination, are its ost striking features. The German puppet ly constructed from this drama was the f oun- ,tion of Goethe's great tragedy, which con- sequently in the opening has a striking resem- blance to Marlowe's. "The Jew of Malta" has more- vigorous passages than are to be found in any other Elizabethan play except those of Shakespeare. His "Edward II." con- tains a death scene which Charles Lamb says "moves pity and terror beyond any scene, an- cient or modern." Several other plays of doubtful authorship have been attributed to him, and it is probable that the second and third parts of Henry VI. in Shakespeare were mostly written by Marlowe. He also made translations from Ovid, so licentious that the archbishop of Canterbury ordered them to be burned, yet they have been often reprinted. He is supposed to have been an actor as well as playwright, led a dissipated life, is stated to have held atheistical opinions, though there is no proof of this in his plays, and died from a wound received in a disgraceful quarrel. An edition of his works by Alexander Dyce was published in London in 1850, in 3 vols. MARMARA, Sea of. See MARMORA. MARMAROS, a N". E. county of Hungary, bor- dering on Galicia, Bukowina, and Transylvania, and the counties of Bereg, Ugocsa, and Szat- mar ; area, 3,998 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 220,506, including about 100,000 Ruthenians, 50,000 Wallachs, 20,000 Jews, 15,000 Magyars, and 3,000 Germans. The United Greek church is the most numerous, there being only about 15,000 Roman Catholics and 6,000 Protestants. Marmaros is next to Bihar and Pesth the lar- gest county of Hungary, but far more thinly populated. The Carpathians separate it from Galicia, Bukowina, and Transylvania, and trav- erse it in many directions, the highest peaks rising to an altitude of 7,000 ft. At the foot of Mt. Csorna rises the Black Theiss, which joins the White Theiss in this county. Iron, lead, marble, alabaster, coal, and crystals are found, and in a few localities also gold. The Marmaros diamonds are celebrated. The salt mines are immense. The Suliguli is the most important of the mineral springs. The forests are rich in wood, especially oak. Horses and sheep are raised in great numbers. Excepting the limited valley of the Theiss, the country does not favor the production of cereals, fruits, and wine, and maize is the principal grain raised for local consumption. Capital, Sziget. MARMIER, Xavier, a French author, born at Pontarlier, June 24, 1809. He studied the German and other foreign languages, and be- came editor of the Revue Germanique. From 1836 to 1838 he explored northern Europe, on board of a national ship of war, and was pro- fessor at Rennes from 1839 to 1841, when he received the appointment of librarian in the ministry of education, which permitted him to travel in the East, in North and South Amer- ica, and in other countries. In 1846 he was placed in charge of the Ste. Genevieve library, and in 1870 was elected to the academy. He has translated Goethe's and Schiller's plays and other German works, and published miscel- laneous writings, some of which relate to the history, language, and literature of Iceland, Denmark, and Sweden. His best novels, Les fiances du Spitzberg (Paris, 1858) and Gazida (1860), received academical prizes. Among his books of travel are : Lettres sur le Nord, Danemark, Suede, Laponie, Spitzberg (1840; 5th ed., 1847) ; Du Rhin au Nil (2 vols., 1847) ; Lettres sur la Russie, la Finlande ft la Pologne (2 vols., 1848) ; Lettres sur VAmerique (2 vols., 1852); Lettres sur V Adriatique et le Monte- negro (2 vols., 1854); Voyage pittoresque en Allemagne (2 vols., 1858-'9) ; En Amerique et en Europe (1859) ; and Souvenirs d'un voya- geur (1867). Among his more recent publica- tions is the story book, VArbre de Noel (1871). MARMONT, Auguste Frederic Louis Viesse de, duke of Ragusa, a marshal of France, born in Cha- tillon-sur-Seine, July 20, 1774, died in Venice, Feb. 28, 1852. He was descended from an ancient family, and at 15 years of age entered a regiment of infantry as sub-lieutenant. Three years afterward he was transferred to the ar- tillery ; and having fallen under the notice of Bonaparte, he was in 1796 appointed his first aide-de-camp, in which capacity he served with distinction in the two Italian campaigns. He accompanied the expedition to Egypt, and for his good conduct at the investment of Malta was appointed a general of brigade. He returned with Bonaparte to France, and for his cooperation on the 18th Brumaire was ap- pointed commander-in-chief of the artillery in the army of reserve. The successful trans- portation of the French artillery over the Great St. Bernard in the spring of 1800 was in a great measure due to his exertions ; and the skill with which he managed his batteries at Marengo procured him the rank of general of