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180 MARMONT division. He participated with credit in the campaign of 1805 in Germany, and in 1806 was made commander-in-chief of the forces in Dal- matia, where he remained till 1809. For his successful defence of Ragusa against a greatly superior force of Russians and Montenegrins, Sept. 30, 1806, he subsequently received the title of duke of Ragusa. After the battle of Aspern and Essling (May 21, 22, 1809) he brought up his corps in good order to the as- sistance of the emperor, defeating on the way superior bodies of Austrians in several en- counters ; and for his conduct at the battle of Wagram and in the subsequent pursuit of the enemy, he was created a marshal of the em- pire. In 1811 he was sent to relieve Massena in Portugal, and he ended a series of unfor- tunate movements by losing the battle of Sala- manca, which ruined the French cause in the Peninsula. Having recovered from a severe wound received on this occasion, he joined the emperor in Germany in 1813, and fought at Ltitzen, Bautzen, Dresden, and Leipsic, with a valor which in some degree retrieved his mili- tary reputation. In the campaign of 1814 he vigorously cooperated with Napoleon in the brilliant but useless series of battles by which the advance of the allies was sought to be stayed, and on March 29 arrived with the rem- nant of his corps before Paris. At the battle of Paris, fought on the succeeding day, he showed the utmost intrepidity and devotion to the imperial cause, and, with the few thousand men composing his own corps and that of Marshal Mortier, withstood for many hours the attacks of an army four times as numerous. An armistice was finally agreed upon, and late in the day Marmont, availing himself of a let- ter from Joseph Bonaparte, who had been ap- pointed lieutenant general of the empire, au- thorizing him to enter into an arrangement with the allied sovereigns, agreed to evacuate the city. On the 31st the allies entered Paris in triumph; and four days afterward Mar- mont, influenced by a aenatus cowultum declar- ing Napoleon's forfeiture of the throne, and abolishing the right of succession of his family, gave in his adhesion to the provisional govern- ment which had been formed under the pres- idency of Talleyrand; stipulating, however, that the life and personal freedom of Napoleon should be secured, and that the French troops should be provided with secure quarters in Normandy. On April 5 his corps, numbering 12,000 men, accordingly entered within the allied lines and took the road to Normandy. The indignation of Napoleon at this proceed- ing was boundless, and, in an order issued from Fontainebleau immediately after the news reached him, he expressly disavowed it, ob- serving: "The emperor cannot approve the condition on which the duke of Ragusa has taken this step; he cannot accept life and liberty at the mercy of a subject," During the hundred days he expressly excepted him from the imperial act of amnesty, and subsequently MARMONTEL at St. Helena, speaking of his defection, said : " I was betrayed by Marmont, whom I might call my son, my offspring, my own work." He received numerous distinctions from the Bourbons after the first and second restora- tions, but about 1825 retired to his country seat, whence, in July, 1830, he was suddenly summoned to Paris to quell the revolt against Charles X. Failing in this, he was obliged to share the exile of the Bourbons ; and so strong was the odium excited against him, that his name was struck from the list of the French army. He never reentered France, but wan- dered over Europe, fixing his residence finally at Venice, where his latter years were passed. He published his travels in Hungary, southern Russia, Syria, Egypt, &c., and Esprit des in- stitutions militaires, which Marshal Bugeaud wished to place in the hands of every officer in the service; and left an autobiography, pub- lished in Paris under the title of Memoires du due de Eaguse (9 vols., 1856). MARMONTEL, Jean Francois, a French author, born at Bort, Limousin, July 11, 1723, died at Ableville, near Evreux, Dec. 31, 1799. Of hum- ble birth, he was educated gratuitously under the Jesuits of Mauriac, and was intended for the priesthood. His love of literature prevented this career, and also withdrew him from com- merce, in which his father sought his estab- lishment, and he became professor of philoso- phy at Toulouse, where his verses took the prize of the floral games. Voltaire, with whom he began a correspondence, induced him to re- move to Paris in 1745, where he soon obtained the prize of the French academy for a poem, and produced several tragedies which the genius of Mile. Clairon made eminently successful on the stage. Protected by Mme. de Pompadour, he became in 1753 historiographer of the royal buildings, and in 1758 publisher of the Mercure de France, and thus had a large income. To the Mercure he contributed the Contes moraux, on which his fame chiefly rests, and which have been greatly admired as specimens of light and lively writing. His position as manager of the Mercure was lost after two years in conse- quence of a satire on the duke d'Aumont, and he was confined for a few days in the Bastile. Admitted into the academy in 1763, he suc- ceeded D'Alembert in 1783 as perpetual secre- tary. He left Paris during the revolution, was one of the moderate deputies in the council of the ancients in 1797, and lived again in retire- ment after the 18th Fructidor. His best the- atrical pieces are the tragedies Les Heraclides and Numitor, the operas Didon and Penelope, and the comic operas Sylvain and Zemire et Azore. He also wrote the romances Belisaire (1767) and Les Incas (1777), collected his ar- ticles in the Encyclopedic under the title of Elements de litterature (6 vols., 1787), pub- lished a history of the regency of the duke of Orleans, and left treatises, designed for the ed- ucation of his children, on the French language, logic, metaphysics, and morals, and his own