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MARSEILLES 195 ical school, a hydrographic institution, a school for instruction in Arabic, an industrial and commercial academy, a fine observatory, a mu- seum of pictures, antiquities, medals, and nat- ural history, a library of about 75,000 vol- .uines, a botanic garden, an academy of scien- ces, letters, and art, medical, agricultural, and statistical societies, and a number of newspa- pers. The Grand theatre resembles the Ode"- on of Paris. Besides the Hotel-Dieu, there are a lunatic asylum, a lying-in hospital, sev- eral public institutions for the relief of the poor, a school for deaf mutes, and other pub- lic and private charitable establishments. The lazaretto, which was so large that it could hold the entire French army on its return from Egypt, was pulled down in 1850 and removed, as well as the sanitary de- partment, to the quaran- tine roadstead of Frioul, which was formed by con- necting the fortified islets of If, Pomegue, and Ra- tonneau by means of- a breakwater. The old har- bor is an oblong basin 1,000 yards long by 330 broad, occupying an area of about TO acres, has a depth of water varying from 18 to 24 ft., and can accommodate 1,200 mer- chant vessels. It is pro- tected on the right by Fort St. Nicolas, and on the left by Fort St. Jean. N. of it is the new harbor, La Jolli- ette, which was completed in 1855. It is formed by a breakwater 1,300 yards long, thrown into the sea parallel to the shore, and at a distance of 1,300 ft. from it; two piers stretch toward it from the shore, at a distance of 600 yards from each other, so as to leave room for the entrance of vessels. It forms an inner basin and two outer harbors, and the former is connected with the old port by a canal, which runs behind the fort of St. Jean. The inner basin and this canal cover an area of about 70 acres. Other basins of still greater extent have been constructed since, so that at present they embrace a water area of about 200 acres. The imports in 1871, inclu- sive of gold and silver, were valued at 964,000,- 000 francs, the exports at 732,000,000 francs. The imports of grain and flour amounted to 6,500,000 quintals, valued at 151,000,000 francs. Marseilles trades with all parts of the world, but chiefly with the Levant, Algeria, and other coasts of the Mediterranean. The number of French vessels entering the port in 1871 was 5,120, tonnage 1,309,000 ; French vessels clear- ed, 3,556, tonnage 878,000; foreign vessels en- tered, 3,715, tonnage 908,000. The manufac- tures consist principally of soap, morocco and other leather, glass, porcelain, caps, straw hats, refined sugar, salt, liqueurs, &c. The ancient city was founded about 600 B. C. by Ionian colonists from Phocsea in Asia Minor. (See PHOO^A.) The prosperity and the commerce of the new settlement made rapid progress. Massilia became the rival of Carthage and the ally of Rome. Many new settlements were founded by her along the coast of the Mediter- ranean, and remained under her subjection, and her navigators advanced as far- as the Bal- tic (about 350). (See PYTHEAS.) Threatened by hostile tribes, the inhabitants of Massilia called the Romans to their assistance (153- The Bourse, in the Cannebi6re. 125). The city was left in possession of its in- dependence after the subjugation of Gaul, but in 49, having declared for Pompey at the out- break of the civil war, it was seized by Caesar and annexed to the Roman republic. Massilia became then celebrated as a seat of learning, and was called the new Athens. Christianity was introduced there in the 3d century. After various vicissitudes the city came in the latter part of the 9th century under the sway of Boso, king of Cisjurane Burgundy, and in the 13th under that of the counts of Provence; and in 1481 Marseilles with Provence was uni- ted to the crown of France. In 1524 it resist- ed the constable de Bourbon. The religious wars were carried on with great bitterness in Marseilles, and the city submitted to Henry