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196 MARSH IV. only in 1596. It was deprived of its fran- chise by Louis XIV. in 1660. In 1720-'21 it was desolated by the plague, which destroyed 40,- 000 or 50,000 persons, on which occasion Bish- op Belzunce distinguished himself by his zeal for the sick ; a monument perpetuates his mem- ory, and the poet Pope has celebrated his he- roism. During the French revolution, the city declared itself in favor of the Girondists, but it was taken by the terrorists. Schlosser says : " Freron erected a revolutionary tribunal with- out a jury in Marseilles, and selected the ref- use of humanity for his judges. It almost appeared as if the commissioners of the con- vention would annihilate the city itself and even the harbor. Executions were of daily occurrence, and the destruction of buildings continued for months, while Fre>on dated his reports to the convention, according to the savage style of his time, not from Marseilles, but from ' commune unnamed.' " It was only after the restoration of the Bourbons that Marseilles fully recovered from these calami- ties. The colonization of Algeria gave a pow- erful impetus to its commerce. During the war of 1870-'71 it was repeatedly the scene of violent popular commotions, and an imitation of the Paris commune movement took place in March, 1871. The government troops re- occupied the city, after a struggle, on April 4. MARSH, Anne (CALDWELL), an English au- thoress, born at Lindley Wood, Staffordshire, near the close of the last century, died there in October, 1874. About the year 1820 she was married to Arthur Cuthbert Marsh, a London banker, who died in 1849. In 1858, upon the death of her brother, author of a " Treatise on the Law of Limitation," she suc- ceeded to the family estates, and assumed as an additional surname that of her own family, being styled Anne Marsh-Caldwell of Lind- ley Wood. Her first work, " Two Old Men's Tales," was published in 1834. Others fol- lowed in rapid succession, two or three some- times appearing in a single year, the last in 1857. They are : " Tales of the Woods and Fields," "Triumphs of Time," "Mount Sorel," "Au- brey," "The Admiral's Daughter," "Emilia Wyndham," " Father Darcy," " The Protestant Reformation in France," " Norman's Bridge," "Angela," "Lady Evelyn," "Mordaunt Hall," " Lettice Arnold," " The Wilmingtons," " Time the Avenger," " Ravenscliffe," " Castle Avon," "The Song of Roland, chanted before the Battle of Hastings " (translated from the Nor- man French), "The Heiress of Haughton," "Evelyn Marston," and "The Rose of Ash- urst." Most of these works have been repub- lished in America. Her elder sister married a son of William Roscpe, author of " The Life of Lorenzo de' Medici," and a younger sister was the first wife of Sir Henry Holland. MARSH, Dexter, an American palaeontologist, born in 1806, died in Greenfield, Mass., April 2, 1853. Without education, and by occupa- tion a day laborer, his attention was first at- tracted to the subject of fossils by observing in 1835 the footprints in slabs designed for flagging stones. He was early engaged in the search for specimens, sometimes in the em- ploy of others, but in later years chiefly on his own account, traversing the valley of the Connecticut from the northern line of Mas- sachusetts to Wetherstield, and visiting also the states of New Jersey and New Hampshire. At the time of his death, notwithstanding his frequent supplies to others, his cabinet con- tained, as the result of his own personal ex- ertions, perhaps the choicest collection of fos- sil footprints and fishes then in existence. One slab, 10 ft. in length by 6 in width, contained at least 70 distinct footprints ; and another, 7 ft. by 4, was literally covered with perfect impressions. There were in all about 500 slabs with tracks and raindrops impressed upon them, and 200 specimens of fossil fishes. Af- ter his death the whole collection was sold for about $2,700. (See FOSSIL FOOTPKINTS.) MARSH. I. George Perkins, an American scholar, born in Woodstock, Vt., March 17, 1801. He graduated at Dartmouth college in 1820, and then removed to Burlington, Vt., where he studied law and was admitted to the bar. In 1835 he was elected a member of the supreme executive council of Vermont, and in 1842 became a representative in congress, re- taining his seat in that body by successive re- elections till 1849, when he was commissioned by President Taylor as minister resident at Constantinople, which office he held for four years. In 1852 he was sent on a special mis- sion to Greece. During his residence abroad he travelled extensively in the East and in Eu- rope, passing some time in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, where he has long been recog- nized as a leading Scandinavian scholar. On his return from Europe in 1853 he was ap- pointed one of the commissioners to rebuild the state house at Montpelier, which was burned in January, 1857, and served as rail- road commissioner for Vermont for two years (1857-'9). In 1857 he was appointed by the governor of Vermont to make a report to the legislature in regard to the artificial propaga- tion of fishes. In 1860 he received the degree of LL. D. from Dartmouth college. In 1861 he was appointed minister to Italy, a post which he still holds (1875). Besides numerous addresses and speeches, and contributions to periodicals, he has published a " Compendious Grammar of the Old Northern or Icelandic Language, compiled and translated from the Grammar of Rask " (Burlington, 1838) ; " The Camel, his Organization, Habits, and Uses, considered with reference to his Introduction into the United States " (Boston, 1856) ; " Lec- tures on the English Language " (New York, 1861 ; originally delivered in 1859 in the post- graduate course of Columbia college, New York), in which lie " aimed to excite a more general interest among educated men and vomen in the history and essential character