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MARSH MARSHAL 197 of their native tongue, and to recommend the study of the English language in its earlier lit- erary monuments rather than through the me- dium of grammars and linguistic treatises;" " Origin and History of the English Language " (New York, 1862); and "Man and Nature" (New York, 1864). This, with numerous cor- rections by the author, was translated into Italian (Florence, 1870), and afterward almost entirely rewritten and republished under the title, " The Earth, as modified by Human Ac- tion " (New York, 1874). II. Caroline (CRANE), wife of the preceding, born in Berkley, Mass., Dec. 1, 1816. She was married in 1838. Her published productions are: "The Hallig, or the Sheepfold in the Waters," translated from the German of Biernatzki, with a biographical sketch of the author (Boston, 1857) ; and " Wolfe of the Knoll and other Poems " (New York, 1860). MARSH, Herbert, an English author, born in London in 1757, died in Peterborough in 1839. He was educated at St. John's college, Cam- bridge. In 1783 he went to Germany, and re- sided in Gottingen, where he published in Ger- man a series of pamphlets in defence of the war policy of Great Britain, for which Mr. Pitt rewarded him with a pension. On the French invasion of Germany he returned to England, and in 1807 was appointed Lady Margaret's professor of divinity at Cambridge, and substituted English for Latin in the de- livery of his lectures. In 1816 he was made bishop of Llandaff, and three years subsequent- ly was translated to Peterborough. He was a distinguished opponent of both Calvinists and Roman Catholics. His principal works are : a translation of Michaelis's " Introduction to the New Testament " (London, 1792-1801); "The Authenticity of the Five Books of Moses con- sidered" (4to, Cambridge, 1792); "The Na- tional Religion the Foundation of National Education" (1811); "Lectures on the Criti- cism and Interpretation of the Bible" (1838); and " Lectures on the Authenticity and Credi- bility of the New Testament, and on the Au- thority of the Old Testament " (new ed., 1840). MARSH, James, an American scholar, born in Hartford, Vt., July 19, 1794, died in Col- chester, Vt, July 3, 1842. His early life was passed on his father's farm. He graduated at Dartmouth college in 1817, and at Andover theological seminary in 1822. Soon after he became a tutor in Hampden Sidney college, Virginia. In 1824 he was appointed professor of modern languages there, and ordained to the ministry. He was called in 1826 to the presi- dency of the university of Vermont, which of- fice he resigned in 1833, in order to devote all his time to the duties of the chair of moral and intellectual philosophy, which he occupied un- til his decease. In 1829 he published an edi- tion of Coleridge's " Aids to Reflection," with notes and a preliminary essay, and a series of papers on popular education; and in 1830 a volume of " Selections from Old English Wri- ters on Practical Theology." He published also a translation of Herder's " Spirit of He- brew Poetry " (2 vols., Burlington, 1833). Dr. Marsh received the degree of D. D. from both Amherst and Columbia colleges. Prof. Tor- rey, who succeeded him in his professorship, published a volume of "Remains," consisting chiefly of his philosophical lectures, with a memoir (Boston, 1843). MARSH, Othniel Charles, an American natu- ralist, born in Lockport, N. Y., Oct. 29, 1831. He studied at Phillips academy, Andover, Mass., and at Yale college, where he graduated in 1860, and spent the next two years in the Yale scientific school. From 1862 to 1865 he studied at the universities of Berlin, Heidel- berg, and Breslau, and on his return to America in 1866 was elected professor of paleontology in Yale college. His scientific publications, which began while he was a student, have been very numerous. Among his earlier papers, most of which appeared first in the " American Journal of Science," are: " The Gold of Nova Scotia" (1861); "Description of a New Ena- liosaurian, Eosaurus Acadianm " (1862); "De- scription of an Ancient Sepulchral Mound" (1867); "Contributions to the Mineralogy of Nova Scotia" (1867) ; " Origin of Lignilites or Epsomites" (1867); " Metamorphosis of Sire- don into Amblystoma "(1868); "Notice of New Mosasauroid Reptiles from New Jersey " (1869) ; and " Notice of New Fossil Birds from the Cretaceous and Tertiary of the United States " (1870). For several years he has de- voted himself to investigating the extinct ver- tebrate animals of the Rocky mountain region, especially those of the cretaceous and tertiary formations. Since 1868 he has nearly every year led an expedition to regions never before visited by white men. These expeditions have been remarkably successful, more than 300 species of new fossil vertebrates having been discovered, about 200 of which he has already described. Many of these extinct animals are of great scientific interest, and represent seve- ral new orders, as well as a number of others not before found in America. Among these are the ichthyornithes, a new order of creta- ceous birds, having teeth and biconcave verte- bra ; the first American pterodactyls, or flying lizards, some having a spread of wings of 25 ft. ; the dinocerata, gigantic eocene mammals with six horns ; the Irontotheridm, huge mio- cene mammals with a single pair of horns; and likewise the first fossil monkeys, bats, and marsupials from this country. These and many other discoveries have been described by him in a series of papers published in 1871-'3. He was in 1874 preparing an extensive report, in which full descriptions, with illustrations, of all his western discoveries will be published under government auspices. MARSHAL (Fr. marechal; old Ger. Marah, horse, and Scale or Schallc, servant), a term ori- ginally applied to the person who had charge of the horses of the king or other high dignitary.