Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XI.djvu/210

198 MARSHALL In the middle ages he was the chief officer of arms, and at tournaments regulated combats in the lists ; but ultimately the title was borne by both civil and military officers. In England, until 1849, the marshal of the king's household presided over the knight marshal's court crea- ted by Charles I., which had jurisdiction of personal actions within a circuit of 12 miles around Whitehall. The marshal of the king's bench has the custody of the Marshalsea or king's bench prison in South wark. The earl marshal is an officer of state, who directs im- portant ceremonies, takes cognizance of mat- ters relating to pedigree and rank, and pro- claims the declaration of war or of peace. In the United States, a marshal is an officer of one of the federal judicial districts, having duties similar to those of a sheriff. In ancient Po- land the president of the diet was called mar- shal. The rank of field marshal (called in German Feldmarachall, in French marechal de France) is the highest military dignity in several countries of Europe. The title ap- pears to have been introduced into France in the time of Philip Augustus, about 1200. It was introduced into England in 1776 by George III., who created the duke of Argyll field marshal. The English field marshal, when un- employed, has the same daily pay as any oth- er general; but when actually commanding he receives 16 8s. 9rf. a day for staff duty, while a general receives 9 9s. Qd. In 1874 there were in Great Britain three field mar- shals, the duke of Cambridge (created in 1862), Sir W. M. Gomm (1868), and Sir George Pol- lock (1870). In Austria there were two field marshals, the archduke Albert and Prince Ed- mund von . Schwarzenberg, and in Germany eight, of whom the prince of Saxony and Gen- erals Moltke, Bittenfeld, and Steinmetz were appointed in 1871. MARSHALL, the name of nine counties in the United States. I. A N. county of West Vir- ginia, forming the base of the "Panhandle" between Ohio and Pennsylvania, and bordered on the W. by the Ohio river ; area, 230 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 14,941, of whom 120 were col- ored. It has a hilly surface and fertile soil. The Baltimore and Ohio railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 131 - 638 bushels of wheat, 364,743 of Indian corn, 211,662 of oats, 54,781 of potatoes, 119,579 Ibs. of wool, 204,480 of butter, and 5,750 tons of hay. There were 3,109 horses, 3,076 milch cows, 8,881 other cattle, 37,508 sheep, and 10,- 968 swine. Capital, Moundsville. II. A N. E. county of Alabama, intersected by the Ten- nessee river, and drained by its branches and the head waters of the Black Warrior ; area, about 450 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 9,871, of whom 1,367 were colored. The surface is moun- tainous, being traversed by ridges of the Ap- palachian system, and the soil is generally fer- tile. The chief productions in 1870 were 17,- 228 bushels of wheat, 187,491 of Indian corn, 67,116 of sweet potatoes, 5,477 Ibs. of tobacco, 47,995 of butter, and 2,340 bales of cotton. There were 1,669 horses, 2,614 milch cows, 1,215 working oxen, 3,366 other cattle, 5,343 sheep, and 12,597 swine. Capital, Warren- ton. III. A N. county of Mississippi, border- ing on Tennessee, drained by the Tallahatchie, Tippah, and Coldwater rivers ; area, 750 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 29,416, of whom 16,499 were colored. It has an undulating surface and fertile soil. The Mississippi Central railroad intersects it. The chief productions in 1870 were 19,121 bushels of wheat, 765,466 of In- dian corn, 29,111 of sweet potatoes, 81,350 Ibs. of butter, and 18,379 bales of cotton. There were 2,809 horses, 4,058 mules and asses, 5,885 milch cows, 8,991 other cattle, 4,719 sheep, and 37, 157 swine. Capital, Holly Springs. IV. A central county of Tennessee, intersected by Duck river ; area, about 350 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 16,207, of whom 4,385 were colored. It has a diversified surface and a generally fertile soil. The chief productions in 1870 were 126,- 633 bushels of wheat, 591,358 of Indian corn, 83,691 of oats, 16,182 of Irish and 16,556 of sweet potatoes, 12,788 Ibs. of tobacco, 34,553 of wool, 170,658 of butter, and 2,063 bales of cotton. There were 6,202 horses, 2,598 mules and asses, 3,881 milch cows, 5,274 other cattle, 16,218 sheep, and 32,038 swine. Capital, Lew- isburg. V. A W. county of Kentucky, bound- ed N". and E. by the Tennessee river and inter- sected by Clarke's river; area, about 350 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 9,455, of whom 385 were colored. It has an undulating surface and fer- tile soil. The Elizabeth and Paducah railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 40,708 bushels of wheat, 478,241 of Indian corn, 38,346 of oats, 16,891 of Irish and 19,598 of sweet potatoes, 1,416,282 Ibs. of tobacco, 16,786 of wool, 138,881 of butter, and 90 bales of cotton. There were 1,331 horses, 1,019 mules and asses, 2.187 milch cows, 2,716 other cattle, 10,552 sheep, and 23,927 swine. Capital, Benton. VI. A K county of Indiana, drained by the Yellow and Tippecanoe rivers; area, 440 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 20,211. It has a level surface and fertile soil. Iron ore abounds. The Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago, and the Indianapolis, Peru, and Chi- cago railroads intersect it. The chief produc- tions in 1870 were 319,798 bushels of wheat, 193,005 of Indian corn, 50,534 of oats, 84,- 994 of potatoes, 39,526 Ibs. of wool, 243,583 of butter, and 13,689 tons of hay. There were 5,166 horses, 4,987 milch cows, 5,493 other cattle, 15,216 sheep, and 14,416 swine ; 5 man- ufactories of hubs and wagon material, 2 of carriages, 2 of wooden goods, 1 brewery, 7 flour mills, 3 planing mills, and 42 saw mills. Capital, Plymouth. VII. A K central county of Illinois, intersected by the Illinois river; area, 445 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 16,956. It has an almost level surface and a fertile soil. The Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific railroad intersects it, and the Illi- nois Central skirts the E. border. The chief