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I MARTYR tian martyrs, see Ruinart, Acta Primitiva et Sincera Marty rum (fol., Paris, 1689); Nean- der's "Church History;" and Bingham's "An- tiquities of the Christian Church." By Prot- estants the term martyrs is also applied to those who have suffered death as " heretics " at the hands of Roman Catholics in the perse- cutions of the Albigenses, the Waldenses, and the reformers in England, France, Spain, Ger- many, and the Netherlands. In Scotland those who suffered death as Covenanters or Cam- eronians during the persecutions in the reigns of the last Stuart kings are also considered as martyrs. Fox's "Book of Martyrs," which first appeared in London in 1563, and is still a popular work, details with much minuteness the persecutions of the Protestant reformers by the Roman Catholics in England and Scot- land, " from the year of our Lorde a thousande unto the tyrne now present." It gives especial prominence to the persecutions in the reign of "bloody Queen Mary," when Cranmer, Lati- mer, Ridley, and several hundred other Protes- tants were burned at the stake for their faith. MARTYR, Peter. I. An Italian historian and geographer. See ANGHIERA. II. A Protestant reformer. See VERMIGLI. MARTYROLOGY. See ACTA SANCTORUM, BOL- LAND, and MARTYE. MARVELL, Andrew, an English author, born at Kingston-upon-Hull, Nov. 15, 1620, died in London, Aug. 16, 1678. He was the son of the Rev. Andrew Marvell, master of the gram- mar school and lecturer of Trinity church in Hull, and at the age of 15 was sent to Trinity college, Cambridge. He is said to have taken his degree of B. A. in 1638, and subsequent to 1641 he passed four years on the continent, remaining a considerable time in Italy, where he probably contracted his intimacy with Mil- ton, which was interrupted only by the death of the latter. Subsequently he was a private tutor, and in 1657 was associated with Milton in the Latin secretaryship. About 1660 he was returned to parliament from Hull, a post which he filled by successive elections until the close of his life. He is said to have been the last member of parliament who received "wages " from his constituents. Between 1661 and 1663 he was in Holland, and from July in the latter year to 1665 he acted as secretary to Lord Carlisle, the ambassador extraordinary to Russia, Sweden, and Denmark. He main- tained a close correspondence with his consti- tuents, sending them during the greater part of his legislative career a daily account of the proceedings in parliament. These letters, first published in 1777, are written in a laconic, business-like style, and afford a curious illus- tration of the ability and fidelity with which Marvell performed his public duties. He never spoke in parliament, but his strong views of the corrupt practices of the time, his biting satires in prose and verse on influential place- men, and the conviction that he was not to be silenced by bribes or flattery, made him MARVEL OF PERU 215 a formidable enemy to the court. It is even said that he was threatened with assassination. His probity and honor earned for him the name of the " British Aristides." He died sud- denly, supposed by some to have been poisoned, for which there seems to be no reasonable ground, and was buried in the church of St. Giles-in-the-fields at the expense of his con- stituents, who also voted a monument to his memory, which the rector refused to have erected. His chief work in prose is the "Re- hearsal Transprosed," a satirical reply to an acrimonious attack by Dr. Samuel Parker, af- terward bishop of Oxford, upon the noncon- formists. In the second part of the " Rehear- sal," one of the most remarkable passages is the author's defence of Milton. His last work, "An Account of the Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Government in England" (1678), was so distasteful to the court, that a reward was offered for the discovery of the printer, and Marvell was compelled frequently to con- ceal himself. His poems comprise political satires, written in a coarser strain than his prose works, and some minor pieces of great tenderness and beauty, including the well known commendatory lines on Milton's "Par- adise Lost." A full edition of his works was published in 1776 (3 vols. 4to) ; and there is an American edition of his poems, edited by James Russell Lowell (Boston, 1857; reprint- ed, London, 1870). The first volume of a complete edition of his works, with notes and a memorial, by A. B. Grossart, to comprise four volumes, appeared in London in 1872. MARVEL OF PERU, a garden name for plants of the genus mirdbilis, also called four o'clock. The genus belongs to the family nyctaginacece, and includes about half a dozen species, natives of the warmer parts of America. Though they are tuberous-rooted perennials, they bloom early from the seed, and are usually treated as annuals ; the roots may be kept through the winter in the cellar and planted out in spring, when they will flower much earlier than plants from seed. The stems are jointed, and tumid at the joints at which are borne the opposite, simple, more or less heart-shaped leaves; the flowers are one or more from a large cup-shaped involucre, without petals, but the funnel-shaped calyx is petal-like and forms the showy portion of the flower ; the stamens are five, and with the single style are protruded; in maturing, the lower portion of the calyx hardens to form a false pericarp around the fruit proper, while the upper portion falls away ; this wonderful manner of forming what appears to be the fruit is said to have suggested the name mira- lilis for the genus. The common four o'clock of the gardens is M. Jalapa, so called because at one time it was supposed to be the plant which furnished the medicine jalap ; the tube of the flower is about 2 in. long ; the colors are white, yellow, and various shades of red, often pleasingly variegated in the same flower, in blotches and stripes; in some flowers one