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216 MABWAB portion is pure white and the other red, the line of demarcation being perfectly distinct; in this sp.-ci..-j there is but one flower to each involucre, which in this case exactly represents a calyx. This plant was introduced into culti- vation in 159G, and still retains its popularity; Marvel of Peru (Mirabilis Jalapa). the flowers open toward sunset, or earlier in cloudy weather, a fact recognized in the name four o'clock; it is also known as afternoon lady, and the French call it belle de nuit. The long-flowered marvel of Peru (M. longiflora) has white sweet-scented flowers, the tube of which is 6 in. long, hairy and sticky. This species and the preceding have been hybrid- ized, and varieties partaking of the peculiarities of both produced ; the hybrids frequently pro- duce fertile seeds. M. Wrightiana, from Texas, is in cultivation; the flowers are white, tint- ed with rose. As generally seen in gardens, the plants of marvel of Peru are crowded too much ; in order to exhibit their beauty, they should be cultivated as isolated specimens. MARWAR. See JOODPOOB. MARX, Adolph Bernhard, a German composer, born in Halle, Nov. 27, 1799, died May 17, 1866. He held a judicial office at Nuremberg, but subsequently devoted himself exclusively to the study of music. In 1823 he became edi- tor of the Berliner allgemeine musiTcalische Zeitung, and in 1830 was appointed professor of music in the university of Berlin. His prin- cipal works are : Die Lehre von der musilca- litchen Composition (Leipsic, 1834-'45 ; 6th ed., 1863 et eq.; English translation by Saroni, New York, 1852); Allgemeine MwiUehre (1839; 7th ed., 1863); and Die Mimic des 19. J< thrh under t* und ihre Pflege (1855). He wrote treatises on the " Art of Singing " (1826), " Painting in Music" (1828), &c., besides many art i< -Irs in Schilling's Lexikon der Tonkunst. lie is known as a composer by several musical dramas, symphonies, &c., and by his oratorio "St. John the Baptist." He also published MARY Ludwig von Beethoven: Leben und Schaffen (Berlin, 1858 ; 2d ed., 1863) ; Qluck und die Oper (1862); and Denkwurdiglceiten aus mei- nem Leben (2 vols., 1865). M MIX, Karl, a German socialist, born in Treves in 1818. He completed his studies in Bonn and Berlin, and became in 1842 chief editor of the Rheinische Zeitung in Cologne. That journal being suppressed in 1843, he as- sociated himself in Paris with Arnold Ruge in a critical revision of Hegel's "Philosophy of Jurisprudence," and with Friedrich Engels in the publication of Die heilige Familie, directed against Bruno Bauer and kindred writers. At the same time he attacked Prussia in the press, and at the request of that power he was ex- pelled from France in 1846 and went to Brus- sels, where he and Engels published in 1848 a manifesto embodying the views of an interna- tional congress of workmen held at London in the preceding year ; and he was then also ex- pelled from Belgium. The revolution of 1848 enabled him to return to Paris and to Cologne, where he speedily founded the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, a revolutionary journal advocating the refusal of taxes as long as liberty was not established. His continued agitation involved him in perpetual conflicts with the authori- ties, and in 1849 he was expelled on account of his connection with the insurgents in the grand duchy of Baden. He once more went to Paris, and after the insurrection of June 13 to London, where he has since lived. He issued here in 1850-'51 a monthly edition of the Rheinische Zeitung, printed at Hamburg. In 1864 he was admitted as member of the newly established Internationale, and drew up the manifesto and statutes of this association, which were adopted in 1866 at the congress of Geneva, and henceforth he was officially rec- ognized as the master spirit of that organiza- tion. (See INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION.) His principal works are : Misere de la philoso- phic : Reponse d la Philosophic de la misere de Proudhon (Brussels, 1847); Zur Kritik der politischen Oelconomie (Berlin, 1859) ; Das Kapital: Kritik der politischen Oelconomie (1859); and Eerr Vogt (London, 1860), in which he accused Karl Vogt and his adherents of having sold themselves to Napoleon III. MARY (Gr. Mapia and Mapm//), the mother of Jesus. But little is recorded of her history in the Scriptures. Some authorities consider Luke's genealogy to be that of Mary, and Heli (Luke iii. 23) to have been her father. Epi- phanius says that her parents were Joachim and Anna. Joachim or Jehoiakim and Eliakim are interchangeable (2 Chron % xxxvi. 4), and Eli or Heli is the abbreviation of the latter. The Latin as well as the eastern churches hold her father to be St. Joachim, whose feast is cele- brated on the Sunday next following Aug. 15. The next mention of her is as a young maid- en at Nazareth, where she was betrothed to a carpenter named Joseph. A heavenly mes- senger announced to her that through the over-