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294 MAURY of the church, aristocracy, and royalty, and was the most daring and powerful antagonist of Mirabeau. Until the night of Louis XVI. he opposed the revolutionary measures with pre- eminent skill and at constant peril. At the close of the constituent assembly he left France, and was received with a triumph at Rome, where he took up his residence. He was made succes- sively archbishop of Nica>a in partibus, nuncio to the diet at Frankfort for the election of em- peror, cardinal, and bishop of Montefiascone and Corneto. On the invasion by the French in 1798 he escaped in disguise to Venice, and passed thence to St. Petersburg. Returning in 1799, he was appointed by the count of Pro- vence (afterward Louis XVIII.) his ambassador to the holy see, but became reconciled to Na- poleon, and returned to France in 1806. He was declared a French cardinal, was consulted in ecclesiastical affairs, and elected a member of the institute, but lost the esteem of his former friends. In 1810 he was appointed archbishop of Paris, and his florid episcopal charges were subjects of ridicule, and showed no signs of his former energy. When the pope was taken to Savona as a captive of Napoleon, he ordered Cardinal Maury to relinquish the administra- tion of his diocese. He disobeyed, and after the restoration was imprisoned at Rome. His Essai sur Veloquence de la chaire (2 vols., 1810) is still esteemed. See Poujoulat, Le cardinal Maury, sa me et sea ceuvres (Paris, 1855). HAIRY, Louis Ferdinand Alfred, a French au- thor, born in Meaux, March 23, 1817. In 1836 he became attached to the royal library, which he quitted in 1838. His bibliographical knowl- edge caused him to be recalled in 1840, and in 1844 he was elected sub-librarian to the insti- tute. In this oflice he rendered important ser- vices, and in 1857 he was elected a member of the academy of inscriptions and belles-lettres. In 1860 he was appointed librarian of the Tui- leries, in 1862 professor of history and moral philosophy in the college de France, and in 1868 director general of the archives. His principal publications are: Essai sur les le- gendes pieces du moyen age (Paris, 1843) ; Les fees da moyen dge (1855) ; Histoire des grandes forets de la France (1856) ; La terre et Vhomme (1856), a summary of recent geographical, eth- nological, and philological researches ; Histoire des religions de la Grece antique (3 vols., 1 857-'60) ; and Musee d 1 archives, an account of a collection from the Merovingian period till the first French revolution, with 1,200 fac- simile autographs by Charles Bethmont. MAI II Y, Matthew Fontaine, an American hy- drographer, born in Spottsylvania co., Va., Jan. 14, 1806, died in Lexington, Va., Feb. 1, 1873. His parents removed while he was still young to Tennessee. In 1825 he entered the naval service as midshipman, and was appointed to the Brandywine, then fitting out to convey Lafayette to France. He returned with this vessel in 1826, and made a voyage in her to the Pacific, where he was transferred to the sloop of war Vincennes, in which he circumnavigated the globe. During this cruise, and while yet a passed midshipman, he began his " Treatise on Navigation," which passed through several editions, and was used as a text book in the navy. In 1836 he was promoted to a lieuten- ancy, and received the appointment of astrono- mer to the South sea exploring expedition, but resigned it. In 1839 he met with an accident which resulted in permanent lameness and un- fitted him for service afloat. He was now placed in charge of the depot of charts and in- struments at Washington, afterward known as the hydrographical office ; and upon the organ- ization and union with it of the national ob- servatory in 1844, he was made superintendent of the combined institutions. Before this he had begun a series of investigations in what Humboldt has called the " physical geography of the sea," and had gathered many observa- tions of the ocean winds and currents from the records of naval and merchant vessels. In some cases special cruises were made to supply data, until material was collected for a syste- matic study of the actual course of winds and currents. In 1844 he made known his conclu- sions respecting the Gulf stream, ocean cur- rents, and great-circle sailing, in a paper read before the national institute, and printed under the title of " A Scheme for Rebuilding Southern Commerce." With the accumulation of mate- rial the need was felt of systematizing the obser- vations and records themselves, particularly as ships of different nations used different methods of observation and registry. Lieut. Maury ac- cordingly entered into a project for assembling a general maritime conference, which at the suggestion of the United States government met in Brussels in 1853, and recommended a form of abstract log to be kept on board ships of war and merchant vessels. The principal results of Maury's researches are embodied in the "Physical Geography of the Sea" (New York, 1856, several times revised and greatly enlarged ; last ed., u Physical Geography of the Sea and its Meteorology," 1873). In 1855 Lieut. Maury was promoted to the rank of commander. On the outbreak of the civil war he resigned and was made a commodore in the confederate navy, and subsequently professor of physics in the Virginia military institute. He was a mem- ber of many of the principal scientific associa- tions of America and Europe, and received valuable testimonials from several foreign gov- ernments. Besides the works already men- tioned, he published " Letters on the Amazon and the Atlantic Slopes of South America;" "Relation between Magnetism and the Circula- tion of the Atmosphere," in the appendix to "Washington Astronomical Observations for 1846" (1851); "Astronomical Observations" (1853); "Letters concerning Lanes for the Steamers crossing the Atlantic " (1854) ; " Man- ual of Geography: a Complete Treatise on Mathematical, Civil, and Physical Geography " (1871) ; and smaller works on geography.