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^ MAHANOY CITY held for 13 years. In July, 1864, he became Ts church, Baltimore. Dr. pul.lished "The Exercise of Faith (1851); "Ili-tory of the Church, first Three tion" (1868). His works have been collected, with a memoir by the Rev. J. II. I!.,]. kins jr. (S vols., New York, 1872-'5). HAIIA.XOY CITY, a boroogh of Schuylkill co., Ivania, su in. X. V. of Philadelphia and 56 m. N. E. of Harrisburg ; pop. in 1870, 6,583; in 1*7-1, including suburbs, about 10,- 600. It is in the Mahanoy valley, 1,211 ft, above the sea, near the watershed between the Delaware ami Susquehanna, in the midst of a rich anthracite region. It has railroad com- munication with Philadelphia, Harrisburg, and York, by means of the Lehigh Valley and Philadelphia and Reading lines. It is sup- ported by the neighboring mines, which dis- burse nearly $200,000 in wages monthly. It has a large foundery, a national and a state bank, two insurance companies, two public hall.-, three large school houses, a public li- brary, two weekly newspapers, and 13 church- es. The tir>t houses were erected in 1859. MAIIAM I)I)Y, a river of India, rising about lat. 21 N., Ion. 81 E. It flows N. E., S. E., and E., through the provinces of Berar and and falls into the bay of Bengal through numerous deltoid arms which divide just be- low Cuttack, where during the rainy season it i- -2 m. l.n.ad; its principal mouth is in lat. 20 18', Ion. 86 40'. It is about 480 m. long, and is navigable during tliQ rains 300 m. ; but during five or six months of the year a large part of nncl is dry, and it is fordable even at Cuttack. Diamonds of the finest quality are found in it and in its tributaries. MA II ASK A, a S. E. county of Iowa, inter- sected by the Des Moines and the N. and S. fork- of Skunk river; area, 576 sq. m. ; pop. '. -J-J..">08. The surface consists in great part of K-vrl or undulating prairies, diversified with woodlands and the soil is productive. Coal and limestone abound. The Des Moines Valley railroad and the Central railroad of Iowa pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 354,7:12 bushels of wheat, 1,861,282 <>f Indian corn, Il7.1n9 of oats, 127,146 of po- tatoes, 138,512 Ibs. of wool, 582,402 of butter tons of hay. There were 8,924 horses, ;,'.7o mild, cows, 11,302 other cattle, ~'<>l swine; 7 manufac- tories of carriages and wagons, 2 of marble and stone work, ii of xl ,h. door* and blinds, 4 " '"ill-. !' Hour mills, and 4 saw mills. MUMliun I.. Miltan of Turkey, a son of Mustapha II., born in Constantinople, Aug. 6 1M6, d .:. 1754. 11,- WM rai^-l i,l man thn.n.- in 1 T:M. after the deposi- hi- uncle Ahmed III. The janizaries, wno Ij : aL'.-iinst the latter and made MAHMOUD II. Mahmoud sultan, exacted from him a promise to continue the war begun against Nadir Shah of Persia. His military operations, however, were disastrous, and he finally concluded a peace in 1736. In the mean while the Rus- sians had begun hostilities, and in 1737 they took Otchakov and Kinburn, while their Aus- trian allies invaded Wallachia. The latter were however defeated by the Turks at Krotzka on the Danube in 1739, upon which the court of Vienna made peace on disadvanta- geous terms, relinquishing not only what its forces had recently taken, but also Belgrade, captured during a former war. The Russians obtained a more favorable treaty, retaining all their conquests. In 1743 hostilities again broke out between Persia and Turkey, and were closed by a treaty unfavorable to the latter. Notwithstanding the wars in which his army was engaged, Mahmoud was a man of peaceful disposition, and Turkey was com- paratively well governed under him. He was succeeded by his brothef Osman III. MAHMOUD II., sultan of Turkey, the young- er son of Abdul Hamed, born in Constanti- nople, July 20, 1785, died there, July 1, 1839. During his youth, passed in the seraglio, he became familiar with Persian and Turkish lit- erature, and is said to have manifested at an early age a character of great firmness not un- mingled with cruelty. His elder brother Mus- tapha IV., who ascended the throne in 1807, had ordered him to be put to death as a possi- ble rival, when Ramir Effendi, paymaster of the army, rescued him. Bairaktar, the pasha of Rustchuk, raised an insurrection, deposed Mustapha, and placed Mahmoud on the throne, July 28, 1808* Bairaktar became grand vizier, and with the sultan boldly attempted to carry out those European military reforms for pro- moting which Selim III., the predecessor of Mustapha, had been deposed. The janizaries, whose organization was threatened by this, rose in rebellion, and stormed the seraglio. Bairaktar blew himself up with his enemies, and Mahmoud as a desperate measure ordered Mus- tapha IV. and his infant son to be strangled, and his four pregnant sultanas to be sewn in sacks and thrown into the Bosporus. After a long struggle amid pillage and conflagrations, the rebels gained a victory, and the sultan was obliged to submit to thoir demands. As he was however the only living descendant of Osman, they recognized him - as their ruler, dreading the anarchy which must ensue should the royal family become extinct. He now, un- der very unfavorable circumstances, and with- out resources, continued the war with Russia and the Servians, until, when totally exhausted, his divan concluded a treaty with the Russians at Bucharest, May 28, 1812, by which the Pruth became the boundary of the two empires, the Servians receiving the promise of an amnesty. From this time the daring and despotic charac- ter of Mahmoud manifested itself with striking effect, both in reforms at home and in wars.