38 MAINE were governed in local matters nearly as they are now, and the rules of church disci- pline were less strict than in some other colo- ..].le being generally favorable to is freedom. Xo acts of persecution ,cir history, and they frequently afford- ed an asylum to fugitives from intolerance in other parts. In 1653 Cromwell annulled the transfer of Acadia to France, which had been effected in 1632, and sent out Sir Thomas Tem- ple as governor. He retained his post till 1667, when Acadia reverted to France in ac- o.rdance with the treaty of Breda. In the mean time the Stuarts had been recalled to the throne of England, and the heirs of Gorges petitioned for t lie restoration of their territory in Maine. Royal commissioners were accord- ingly sent by Charles II. in 1664 to reestablish the authority of the grantees. Massachusetts 1, and a conflict of jurisdictions ensued, which was terminated in 1677 by Massachusetts purchasing the interests of the claimants for .fl.-J'iO sterling. As early as 1607, according to De Peyster's "Dutch in Maine," the Dutch had attempted to gain and colonize this coast. In 1674 they conquered the coasts of Nova Scotia and Acadia adjacent to the Penobscot, first capturing Fort Pentagoet or Pemtegeovett (Castine). In 1676 Cornelis Steenwyck was made governor of the conquered district by the Dutch West India company. The Holland- ers, however, were soon after expelled by set- tlers from Boston. In 1675 the first Indian war in Maine was begun by King Philip, at whose instigation a series of unprovoked at- tacks were made upon the settlers, and more than 100 white persons were massacred within three months. Thenceforth the savages held the country in terror till 1700. Meanwnile dis- putes were excited by the claims of the duke of York, who, under a grant from Charles II. of the I Hitch territories in North America, pro- fessed to hold all that part of Maine lying be- tween the Kennebec and St. Croix rivers. Sir Edmund Andros was commissioned as gover- nor of the duke's territories in New York and Maine; but Massachusetts, having caused a new survey of the E. limit of her patent to be made, under which she pushed her boundary i-d to the W. shore of Penobscot bay, continued to hold possession of all the colony Sagadahoc and Pemaquid. When the duke came to the throne as James II., Andros was made governor of New England, and vis- ited Maine, where he was guilty of great ex- tortion. The Massachusetts charter had al- mdj bw-n de< lured forfeit. Tl..- n-v..luti,.n of 1688, however, restored things to their former ind thenceforth the history of the col-
- Maine is merged in that of Massachu-
1-Yoni the close of Indian hostilities began to make steady proirivsi in eivili- md uvalt h. The war of the revolution 1 her hut little, hut diirinir that of 1812 M ML'ain expo,,-,! to the horrors of fron- itish obtained possession MAINE-ET-LOIRE of a part of the country, and kept it until the conclusion of peace. The final separation of Maine from Massachusetts took place March 15, 1820, when she was admitted into the Union as an independent state. Ever since the treaty of 1783 a dispute had existed between the government of the United States and Great Britain as to the proper interpretation of that treaty so far as it related to the boundary be- tween Maine and the British possessions. This controversy was finally settled by the treaty of Washington in 1842, by which Maine and the United States agreed to cede to Great Britain a small portion of the territory claimed by her, in return for the concession of Rouse's Point and the free navigation of the river St. John. The enterprise of founding a Swedish colony in Aroostook, begun in 1870, has proved suc- cessful. The place selected is called New Swe- den, where in 1873 about 600 Swedes aided by the state had settled upon 20,000 acres of land. The colonists have their own municipal organ- ization and schools, in which the chief study is the English language. MAINE, an ancient province of France, and with Perche one of the great military govern- ments of the kingdom, bounded N. by Norman- dy, E. by Perche and Orleannais, S. by Tou- raine and Anjou, and W. by Brittany. It is now almost entirely included in the depart- ments of Mayenne and Sarthe. Its capital was Le Mans. Under the Carlovingian and early Capetian kings the province was governed by counts ; it was subsequently in turn united with Normandy and Anjou, became subject to the kings of England, was wrested from John by Philip Augustus, and after various transfers was united with the crown of France in 1481. MAINE, Sir Henry James Simmer, an English ju- rist, born in 1822. He graduated at Pembroke college, Cambridge, in 1844, and was regius professor of civil law at Cambridge from 1847 to 1854, when he became reader on jurispru- dence in the Middle Temple. From 1862 to 1809 he was a law member of the government in India, where he introduced several legisla- tive reforms. In 1870 he was appointed to the newly instituted Corpus professorship of juris- prudence in Oxford university, and in 1871 a member of the council for India. He has pub- lished " Roman Law and Legal Education," in " Cambridge Essays " (1856) ; " Ancient Law : its Connection with the Early History of Soci- ety" (8vp, 1861; 5th ed., 1874; reprinted, with an introduction by Prof. T. W. Dwidit, New York, 1864) ; and " Village Communities in the East and West" (1871; 2d ed., 1874), being six Oxford lectures, giving the results of his observations in India, where he had stud- ied the working in village communities of so- cial organisms supposed to correspond with the earliest rudiments of European civilization. MAIXE-ET-LOIRE, a N. W. department of France, comprising most of the former prov- ince of Anjou, bordering on Mayenne, Sarthe, Indre-et-Loire, Vienne, Deux-SeVres, La Ven-
