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MONMOUTHSHIRE a popular than on a legal basis ; but when the duke of York returned to courtj the story of the marriage of Charles II. and Lucy Walters was gravely urged, and the king deemed it necessary to deny it in the most public and formal manner. The part Monmouth had in the conspiracies of 1683 led to his flight to Holland, after considerable negotiation with the king for pardon. When Charles II. died, Feb. 6, 1685, he left the Hague, and, deluded by the suggestions of British exiles, headed a small expedition, which arrived at Lyme Regis, June 11. At first the duke met with some success ; but his forces were beaten at Sedge- moor, July 6, and on the 8th he was captured and taken to London, where he had an in- terview with James II., of whom he vainly begged his life in abject terms. He was exe- cuted under an act of attainder two days after his arrival in the capital. His followers con- tinued for many years to believe that he was alive, and it was supposed by some that he was the man with the iron mask who was so long a prisoner in the Bastile. His wife, a woman of superior talents, from whom he had been separated, survived him nearly 47 years, and married Charles, third Lord Cornwallis. She is the duchess of Scott's "Lay of the Last Minstrel," and Monmouth is the Absalom of Dryden's " Absalom and Achitophel." MONMOUTHSHIRE, a maritime county of Eng- land, bounded S. by the Bristol channel and the estuary of the Severn ; area, 575 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 195,391. The coast, 22 m. in extent, is exposed to the high spring tides that rush up the Severn from the Bristol channel and sometimes attain an altitude of 60 ft. Vast sea walls and earthworks have beeji erect- ed. The surface toward the north is moun- tainous and rocky; adjoining the Severn and the sea is a spacious plain, which the river Usk divides into two parts, called the Wentloog and Caldecot levels. The principal mountains are : Pen-y-Val, or the Sugar Loaf, 1,856 ft. high; Blawrenge mountain, 1,720 ft. ; and Skyrryd Vawr, or Holy mountain, 1,498 ft. The chief rivers are the Wye, Usk, and Monnow, the two former of which are famous for their salmon. The soil of the vales and plains is generally fertile. Iron, coal, lead, and building stone are produced. The iron and coal of this county are shipped at Newport. The area of its min- eral districts is estimated at 89,000 acres. Chief towns, Monmouth, the capital, Newport, Abergavenny, and Chepstow. Monmouthshire was originally a part of South Wales, and the Welsh language is still largely in use there. MONNARD, Charles, a Swiss author, born in Bern in 1790, died in Bonn, Germany, Jan. 12, 1865. He was educated in Lausanne and Paris, and in 1817 became professor of French literature in Lausanne. He studied ecclesias- tical and civil law, and in May, 1824, a law having been passed to prevent the propagation of Methodism in the canton of Vaud, he de- clared it unconstitutional, and encouraged his MONO 755 friend Vinet to stand up for liberty of con- science, publishing for him the treatises De la liberte des cultes (1826) and Observations sur les sectaires (1829). The former treatise created considerable disturbance. A German translation appeared in 1843. The second treatise caused the suspension of Monnard from his professorship, and his removal to Geneva, whence however he soon returned, became a representative, and was noted for his defence of Swiss independence when in 1838 Louis Philippe demanded the expulsion of Prince Louis Napoleon. After the revolution of 1846 he retired from politics, and accepted the professorship of French literature which was founded for him by the king of Prussia at the university of Bonn. HOMIER, Henri Bonaventnre, a French au- thor, born in Paris, June 6, 1799. He was a clerk in the ministry of justice when he be- gan to study painting under Girodet. He ac- quired celebrity as a writer of illustrated works, with exquisite caricatures, and especially by his Scenes populaires (1830), Nouvelles scenes populaires (5 vols., 1835-'62), and Memoires de Joseph Prudhomme (new ed., 2 vols., 1857). He wrote and personated the principal part in Grandeur et decadence de M. Joseph Prud- homme (1852) ; and in his equally entertaining vaudeville Roman chez la portiere (1855) he personated the portiere. MONNIER, Marc, a French author, born in Florence about 1829. He spent the early part of his life in Italy, and many of his writings relate to that country. He has published poe- try, plays, and novels, and during the past few years has been a prominent member of the staff of the Journal des Debats. Among his numerous works are : JUtude historique de la conquete de la Sidle par les Sarrasins (Gene- va, 1847); Garibaldi, histoire de la conquete des Deux-Siciles (Paris, 1861) ; Pompei et les Pompeiens (1864) ; Les aleuxde Figaro (1868), which contains interesting disquisitions on dramatic art ; and Poesies (1871). MONO, an E. county of California, bordering on Nevada, and bounded W. by the Sierra Ne- vada mountains; area, 4,176 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 430, of whom 42 were Chinese. It is watered in the south by Owen's river, and in the north by the forks of Walker's river. Mono lake, a considerable body of water near the centre, receives several streams, but has no outlet. The slope of the Sierra Nevada is heavily timbered ; the rest of the county con- sists of hills and mountain spurs, with small valleys of tillable land and larger tracts suit- able for grazing. Gold and silver are found, two mines of the former and three of the lat- ter being in operation in 1870. The chief pro- ductions were 6,144 bushels of wheat, 4,173 of oats, 12,704 of barley, 4,982 of potatoes, 7,000 Ibs. of wool, 35,685 of butter, and 2,714 tons of hay. There were 723 horses, 3,227 cattle, and 559 swine; 1 flour mill, 3 saw mills, and 3 quartz mills. Capital, Bridgeport.