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756 MONQD MONONGAHELA RIVER MONOD. I. Jean, a French clergyman, born in Geneva in 1765, died in Pari8, April 23, 1836. He officiated as pastor of the Reformed church in Paris until the outbreak of the first revolu- tion, when he removed to Copenhagen, where he entertained the duke of Orleans, the future king Louis Philippe. In 1808 he returned to Paris, and in 1830 became president of the consistory. II. Frederic Joel Jean Gerard, eldest son of the preceding, born near Morges, Switz- erland, May 17, 1794, died in Paris in 1863. He received his theological education at Geneva, and after the death of his father became pas- tor of the Oratoire in Paris. His ability as a nicher and his high character made him a er among the evangelical Protestants of France. After officiating in the Oratoire for more than 12 years, he seceded from the na- tional Protestant church, April 22, 1849, be- cause it did not insist upon " the acknowledg- ment of Christ as a divine Saviour" as a condition of membership. He organized the Free church of France, resembling in some respects the Free church movement in Scot- land. In 1858 he visited the United States, to enlist the sympathies of Americans in the movement. For several years he edited the Archives du Christianisme, and he published several sermons and lectures. His son JEAN, born in Paris in 1822, was pastor at Marseilles and at Nimes, and was chosen professor of theology at Montauban in 1865. III. Adolphe Frederic Theodore, brother of the preceding, born in Copenhagen, Jan. 21, 1802, died in Paris, April 6, 1856. He was educated at Geneva, and held to the same views in regard to the divinity of the Saviour as his brother Frederic, yet remained in the national church. He be- came one of the pastors of the Reformed church in Lyons, whence he was dismissed in conse- quence of his rigid adherence to evangelical principles. He was afterward professor in the theological school at Montauban, and in 1849, on the secession of his brother, he was invited to fill his place at the Oratoire. He held this post until his death, and gained a high reputa- tion for pulpit eloquence. He is the author of Lucile, ou la lecture de la Bible (1841) ; Saint Paul (1850); La Femme (1862); and several volumes of discourses. Most of his works have been translated into English. MONOGRAM (Gr. p6vo^ single, and yp&nna, letter), a character or cipher formed by the combination of two or more letters of the alphabet. Monograms were common in anti- quity, and their use was almost universal at the beginning of the Christian era. Many are found on Greek and Roman coins, medals, and seals, the names of cities and states being rep- resented monogrammatically where it was an object to save space, and on the leaden lullce of Greece and Sicily. The Chrismon or mono- gram of Christ, with which coins, seals, rings, lamps, vases, tombs, paintings, and ecclesias- tical documents were ornamented in the mid- dle ages, is a combination of the Greek letters X and P, and represents the first two letters of XPISTOS. The X is sometimes made to form a cross, and sometimes entirely detached from the P and used in connection with other letters, Monogram of Christ. particularly A and Q. The illustrations are all from tombs in the Roman catacombs, the first two of the 2d century. The Chrismon was the symbol borne on the labarum of Constan- tine, and it was impressed on the coins of nearly all the succeeding emperors of the East. It is now nearly superseded in eccle- siastical ornamentation by the monogram of Jesus, a combina- tion of the Greek letters IH2, the abbreviation of IH20T2. In the time of Charlemagne mono- grams were in general use on coins Monogram of and seals, and in manuscripts. Charlemagne. His own monogram occurs as a subscription to a document in the British mu- seum of the date 801 ; as will be seen by the illustration, it takes in all the letters of his name (Karolus). The popes and many other sovereigns of the middle ages used monograms for signatures, as did also the early painters, engravers, and printers. Many modern mono- grams are but imitations of medieval ones, but the taste for their use on seals, plate, paper, &c., has led to the production of designs which excel the best middle-age examples both in beauty and in intricacy. See Brulliot, Dictionnaire des monogrammes (2d ed., 3 vols. 4to, Munich, 1832-'43); Binterim, Die vorzuglichsten Denk- wurdiglceiten der christlichJcatholischen Jcirche (7 vols., Mentz, 1825-'33); and Nagler, Die Monogrammisten, &c. (4 vols. 8vo, Munich, 1857-'63). MONOMANIA. See INSANITY. MONONA, a W. county of Iowa, separated from Nebraska by the Missouri river, and in- tersected by the Little Sioux ; area, about 900 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 3,654. It is covered with prairie and has a fertile soil. The Sioux City and Pacific railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 88,990 bushels of wheat, 285,457 of Indian corn, 50,346 of oats, 24,026 of potatoes, 18,783 Ibs. of wool, 85,611 of butter, and 16,132 tons of hay. There were 1,413 horses, 6,374 cattle, 4,043 sheep, and 2,732 swine. Capital, Onawa. MONONGAHELA RIVER, one of the head branches of the Ohio, formed by the union of the West fork and Tygart's Valley river in Marion co., W. Va., flows K into Pennsylvania, where it receives the Cheat river, its principal tributary, and the Youghiogheny, and unites