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142 NAPLES country, chiefly consisting of staves, coral, ol- ive oil, tartar and wine lees, madder, liquor- ice, hemp, and fruits, and amounting in 1873 to nearly $9,000,000 ; imports, chiefly colonial products, cotton, woollen, and silk goods, fish, grain, and metals, nearly $25,600,000. The shipping comprised 4,703 inward and 4,724 out- ward vessels, tonnage 1,020,758 and 998,421. There are several great banks, and most of the business men are more or less interested in financial schemes, which are often carried on in a reckless manner. Many banks recently es- tablished without adequate capital have resulted in bankruptcies and financial chaos. Merchants are arranged by the chamber of commerce into five different classes, and credit to a cer- tain amount at the custom house for the pay- ment of duties is granted to them accordingly. The most important manufacture is of maca- roni and vermicelli, which constitute the prin- cipal food of the people. Next in importance is the production of silk goods, the gros de Naples taking its name from the manufacture of this city. There are also iron and glass works, type founderies, and manufactories of carpets, broadcloth, chemicals, soaps, perfu- mery, artificial flowers, corals, porcelain, hats, carriages, gloves, &c. For municipal purposes the city is divided into 12 districts. There is a garrison of 6,000, and the national guard numbers 14,000. The prisons of Naples have had an infamous reputation, but have been much improved of late years. The most im- portant have already been mentioned. The principal antiquities of Naples are the cata- combs, which are of greater extent than those of Rome. (See CATACOMBS, vol. iv., p. 95.) The environs abound with celebrated relics of antiquity, but in the city proper there are not many of them, excepting the fragments of the temple of Castor and Pollux, of the Julian aqueduct, now called Ponti Rossi, and a few other remains. The greatest authority on Neapolitan inscriptions is Mommsen's Cor- pus Inscriptionum Neapolitanarum (Leipsic, 1851). Several of the learned Neapolitan an- tiquaries claim for Naples a Phoenician ori- gin, but it is generally considered to have been originally a Greek city and colony of Cumse, although the account of its first foundation, under the name of Parthenope, is regarded by many authorities as a mythical tradition. Ac- cording to several accounts the city was, after its increase through settlers from various parts of Greece, divided into an old town (Palseopo- lis) and a new town (Neapolis). But the iden- tity of the connection between the two names is not yet clearly established. Niebuhr places the situation of Palaeopolis near the site of the present town of Pozzuoli, and Livy refers to them as close to each other ; but long before his time (330 B. C.) Palaeopolis is mentioned as having been engaged in hostilities with Rome, and the name seems soon afterward to have disappeared from history, and to have be- come merged in Neapolis, which early became a faithful ally and dependency of Rome, and noted for the courage of its citizens from their successful resistance to the attack of Pyrrhus in 280 B. 0., while the strength of its fortifica- tions caused Hannibal to leave the place un- molested during the second Punic war. It re- tained to a far greater extent than other Italian cities its Greek culture and institutions, and many of the higher classes of Romans resorted to Neapolis for their education, on account of the beauty of the climate and the scenery, and of its hot springs. It recovered quickly from the calamities of the civil war of Marius and Sulla. Under the empire it continued to be a favorite resort of the Roman nobility. Nero made his first public appearance as an actor on the stage of Naples, and the voluptuous char- acter of the city caused it to be called by Ovid in otia natam Parthenopen. The great tunnel under Posilippo was then as now an object of admiration. The chief glory of the city was its association with Virgil, who resided there for a considerable period. Naples was taken by the Goths in A. D. 493, retaken by Belisarius in 536, and reduced and dismantled by Totila in 543. About 570 it was constituted a separate duchy, forming a dependency of the exarchate of Ravenna. After the fall of the exarchate in the 8th century it enjoyed for about 400 years an independent government under dukes of its own election, though often engaged in hostilities with the Lombard dukes of Bene- vento, to whom it was obliged to pay tribute. When the duchy of Benevento was divided into three principalities, the prince of Capua en- deavored to gain the supremacy, and succeeded in temporarily seizing Naples (1027) ; but the Normans, having conquered all the rest of southern Italy and Sicily, reduced Naples after a protracted siege ; and the city submitted to Roger I. of Sicily about 1137. On the extinc- tion of the Norman dynasty in 1189, Naples became subject to the house of Swabia. In 1268, under the Anjou dynasty, Naples super- seded Palermo as the seat of the government. In 1442 the last king of the Anjou dynasty was conquered by Alfonso of Aragon. Charles VIII. of France conquered Naples in 1495, but was driven out by Gonsalvo de Cordova. Under the Aragonese and Spanish kings it was ruled by viceroys till the peace of Utrecht (1713), when it was annexed to the possessions of the house of Hapsburg. The popular insur- rection under Masaniello took place in 1647. Charles, son of Philip V. of Spain, became master of the city and kingdom in 1734, and founded the Bourbon dynasty. The French took it in 1799 and again in 1806. Joseph Bonaparte was made king of Naples, but was replaced in 1808 by Murat, who was displaced by the Austrians in 1814, when the Bourbons were restored. The city was the scene of a revolutionary conflict on May 15, 1848. It was entered by Garibaldi in September, 1860, and incorporated with the dominions of Victor Emanuel. Naples has been often alarmed by