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194 NEBRASKA Douglas, Dundy, Fillmore, Franklin, Frontier, Furnas, Gage, Garber, Gosper, Greeley, Hall, Hamilton, Harlan, Hitchcock, Holt, Howard, Jefferson, Johnson, Kearney, Keith, Knox, Lan- caster, Lincoln, Madison, Merrick, Nemaha, Nuckolls, Otoe, Pawnee, Pierce, Phelps, Platte, Polk Red Willow, Richardson, Saline, Sarpy, Saunders, Seward, Sherman, Stanton, Thayer, Valley, Washington, Wayne, Webster, York. The capital is Lincoln, in the S. E. part of the state, which in 1870 had 2,441 inhabitants, and in 1874 about 6,500. Omaha, on the E. border, is the chief city, having 20,000 inhabi- tants in 1874; next in importance is Nebras- ka City, containing 6,050 inhabitants in 1870. The total population of Nebraska (exclusive of Indians not taxed) in 1860 was 28,841, and in 1870, 122,993, including 122,117 white, 789 colored, and 87 Indians; 70,425 males and 52,568 females; 92,245 of native and 30,748 of foreign birth. Of those of native birth, 18,530 were born in the state, 9,655 in Illinois, State Seal of Nebraska. 6,040 in Indiana, 7,611 in Iowa, 4,634 in Mis- souri, 9,246, in New York, 10,729 in Ohio, and 6,991 in Pennsylvania. Of the foreigners, 10,954 were natives of Germany, 2,635 of Brit- ish America, 3,603 of England, 4,999 of Ire- land, and 2,352 of Sweden. The density of population was 1-62 to a square mile. In 1874 the total population was returne.d at 223,657, the large increase since 1870 being mainly due to the construction of railroads. In -1870 the number of male citizens 21 years old and up ward was 36,169. There were in the state 34,524 persons between the ages of 5 and 18 years ; the total number attending school was 17,956; 2,365 persons 10 years of age and over were unable to read, and 4,681 could not write. The number of illiterates 21 years old and over was 2,125, of whom 1,169 were females. There were 22 blind, 55 deaf and dumb, 28 insane, and 25 idiotic. Of the total population 1 years old and over (88,265), there were engaged in all occupations 43,837; in agriculture, 23,115, of whom 5,899 were laborers and 17,037 farmers and planters ; in professional and personal ser- vices, 10,331, including 183 clergymen, 4,940 laborers not specified, 204 lawyers, 247 physi- cians and surgeons, and 316 teachers not speci- fied ; in trade and transportation, 4,628 ; and in manufactures and mechanical and mining industries, 5,763. The total number of deaths in 1870 was 1,000, being 0'81 per cent, of the population. The number of deaths from con- sumption was 87, being one to 11 '5 deaths from all causes ; from pneumonia 88, being one to 11 '4 from all causes ; from whooping cough 37, from measles 41, from scarlet fever 90, and from enteric fever 52. In 1873 there were 6,579 Indians in Nebraska, on reservations com- prising 892,800 acres. In the N. W. part of the state were 917 Santee Sioux, occupying 83,200 acres ; in the central, 2,000 Pawnees on 288,000 acres; in the N. E., 1,522 Winnebagoes on 128,- 000 acres, and 1,001 Omahas on 345,600 acres; in the S. E., 221 lowas and 95 Sacs and Foxes of Missouri, on 32,000 acres; and in the S., 447 Otoes and Missouris, on a reservation of 16,000 acres. Schools are maintained among these tribes, and other efforts are made by the gen- eral government to civilize them. The general surface of Nebraska approximates to a vast plain, rising gradually from the Missouri to- ward the mountains. The bottoms are level ; the prairies, of which the surface mostly con- sists, are either gently undulating or broken into low hills and ridges. There are few hills of magnitude, and no mountains except at the west and northwest, where the land rises into the Black Hills and Rocky mountains. No large lakes have been discovered, but lakelets, rivers, and streams are numerous. The only navigable river, however, is the Missouri, which forms the N. E. and E. boundary line. Enter- ing the state near the N. W. corner, and flowing E., is the Niobrara, which, after forming a por- tion of the N. boundary, empties into the Mis- souri near the N. E. corner of the state. The Keya Paha, a tributary of the Niobrara, also forms the boundary line for a short distance on the north. The principal river is the Platte, which, rising in the Rocky mountains in Col- orado, flows E. through the central portion of the state, and empties into the Missouri. It is wide, rapid, and shallow, and passes through a valley which is remarkable for its fertility, and which for 200 m. W. from Omaha is from 8 to 10 m. wide. The Platte has numerous tribu- taries on the north, the chief of which are Wood river, Loup fork, and Elkhorn river. It has no important tributary from the south, but that portion of the state is well watered by streams flowing into Kansas, the chief being the Republican, Little Blue, West Blue, and Big Blue rivers. The Great Nemaha and Little Nemaha are small rivers in the S. E. part of the state, flowing into the Missouri. Excepting that made in 1867 under the direction of the United States geologist, Dr. F. V. Hayden, there has been no geological survey of Ne- braska. But four of the principal geological