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336 NEWSPAPERS daily newspapers now (1875) published in Lon- don, with their prices and some indication of their character : MORNING PAPEES. TIMES established Jan. 1,1788; Sd. ; politics independent; DAILY TELEGRAPH established June 2, 1855; Id.; politics liberal. Remarkable for enterprise in collecting news, and for its correspondence. STANDARD-nestablished June 29, 1857; Id.', organ of the DAiLY S NEW8^established Jan. 21, 1846 ; Id. ; politics lib- eral and independent. Its correspondence and critical articles have always held a high rank. MORNING POST established in 1772; 8d.; politics liberal- conservative ; the chief fashionable journal, devoted largely to social topics. MORNING ADVERTISER established Feb. 8, 1794; Sd . ; poli- tics liberal and independent; largely devoted to the in- terests of merchants and tradesmen. PUBLIC LEDGER established in 1759 ; 2Jrf. ; exclusively com- mercial. FiNANCiER-established in March, 1870; 2eZ.; financial and commercial. DAILY RECORDER established in November, 1869; 3d. ; financial. EVENING PAPERS. EVENING STANDARD established in 1827 ; Id. ; now forms an evening edition of the " Standard." PALL MALL GAZETTE established in 1865 ; Id. ; politics liberal; remarkable for literary ability, and in part a literary review. ECHO established in December, 1868; JcZ.; independent; general newspaper. GLOBE established in 1803; d. ; politics conservative. SHIPPING AND MERCANTILE GAZETTE established in Janu- ary, 1836 ; 5d. ; commercial. There are also several local daily papers, like the " Daily Chronicle and Clerkenwell News " and others, devoted to London interests exclu- sively, or to particular localities. The " Lon- don Gazette," the organ of publication for offi- cial acts, appointments, &c., appears twice, and several other papers (in one or two cases sum- maries of news for the foreign mails) thrice a week. There are more than 150 weekly pa- pers in London ; they include " Punch " and such literary organs as the " Athenaeum," " Sat- urday Review," " Spectator," "Academy," &c., and a very great number of papers devoted to special branches of science and art and occupa- tions and classes of society. Among the week- ly papers which reach the highest circulation are the "Illustrated London News" and the "Graphic," the latter an illustrated paper of very great artistic merit. Both devote much space to the illustration of current events. French newspapers date their origin from the publication of the Mercure francois (1605-'45), a kind of historical compilation. Their more immediate prototype was the Gazette issued by Theophraste Renaudot in 1631, and continued under the name of Gazette des Recueils and Gazette de France till about 1789, appearing generally once, and for some time twice a week, and at length daily. A poetical news- paper, which chiefly treated of local gossip and scandal, was published by Loret for about 15 years during the second half of the 17th cen- tury. The Mercure galant (1672), a species of literary journal, was succeeded by the Nou- veau Mercure and Mercure de France, which was discontinued in 1815. The Journal Stran- ger, edited by the abbe Arnaud and Frerois, and having among its contributors Rousseau, Grimm, and Prevost, existed till 1763, when Arnaud became one of the editors of the Ga- zette de France. The Moniteur, the official or- gan of the government, was founded in 1789 and treated of moral and political subjects; while some of its contemporaries, especially the notorious Nouvelles a la Main, contained a budget of scandalous intelligence. From the close of the 17th century to the middle of the 18th, many weekly and monthly journals were published in Paris, chiefly literary and scien- tific, with which the most eminent men of France were connected. The first daily po- litical newspaper was the Journal de Paris, ou Poste du Soir (1777-1825). The first polit- ical editor who attracted general attention was Linguet, who was connected from 1774 till 1783 with the Journal de Politique et de Litte- rature, better known under the title of Journal de Bruxelles, although it was issued in Paris. The famous Gourrier de VEurope was pub- lished in London (l776-'89) twice a week for 6d. a number ; on its staff, were Morande, Bris- sot, and the count de Montlosier. The revo- lution gave a powerful impulse to French jour- nalism, and Mirabeau's Gourrier de Provence (1789) became the precursor of thousands of newspapers of every description, the most vio- lent of which was Marat's Ami du Peuple. Af- ter the 18th Brumaire all the political journals of Paris excepting 13 were suppressed by the first consul, and under the empire only five were permitted to appear, viz. : the Moniteur, Gazette de France, Journal de Paris, Journal des De- bats (under the temporary name of Journal de V Empire), and Petites Affiches. The condition of the press did not much improve after the restoration. The censorship was replaced in 1825 by securities to be furnished by each pro- prietor of a Parisian journal to the extent of 200,000 francs, and somewhat less in the prov- inces. The increase of the stamp duty from 5 to 10 centimes caused the price of the leading journals to be raised from 72 to 80 francs a year. The Journal des Debats was originally founded Aug. 29, 1789, by the printer Bau- douin, Barrere, and Louvet, passed in 1800 into the hands of Louis FraHCois Bertin the elder, and has since remained the property of the Bertin family. It was conspicuous for the support of existing authorities, but after the restoration it advocated a moderate liberalism. Its literary and scientific departments have always held the highest rank; and, besides many others of nearly equal fame, it has count- ed among its regular contributors Royer-Col- lard, Malte-Brun, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Saint- Marc Girardin, Jules Janin, Michel Chevalier, Philarete Chasles, Prevost-Paradol, and Hippc lyte Taine. The Journal des Debats has con- tinued to hold its prominent place through all the political changes of recent years, and still advocates a policy of moderate liberalism. Om